System and method for construction, delivery and display of iTV content

ABSTRACT

iTV content is created and deployed using a server component adapted to allow content developers to create applications according to an authoring specification that describes a framework for same; a transport component configured to optimize and deliver the applications to one or more clients; and a client component adapted to render the applications through a television so as to permit user interaction therewith. The authoring specification provides for the presentation of content through one or more templates defined therein, allowing application definition and behavior to remain common across multiple client device types, middleware platforms, and/or iTV operating environments. The framework for applications accommodates advertising, promotions, content placement packages and/or programming campaign definitions, so as to permit a selection of a specific advertisement, promotion or content at a time of preparation of the iTV content by the server, and/or a time of execution of the applications by the client.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of and claims priority to co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/390,064 filed Mar. 14, 2003, having the same title; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/306,752 filed Nov. 27, 2002; which is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/247,901, filed Sep. 19, 2002; which also claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/364,532 filed Mar. 15, 2002; and which also claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/364,545 filed Mar. 15, 2002. All foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to systems and methods for enabling and automating the delivery of interactive television content to subscribers.

BACKGROUND

Interactive television (iTV) is currently available in varying forms. The terminology used to describe the various elements within the iTV services and applications landscape is varied and a glossary of terms used herein is set forth in Appendix A. The most popular iTV offerings include:

A. TV Portals. Influenced no doubt by the analogy to popular Internet “portals” such as AOL and Yahoo, many think of a television (TV) portal as a non-video, non-broadcast, “Internet-like” page on TV. Contrary to this popular opinion, however, a TV portal is actually an application “window” into the world of interactivity that links various forms of services, including walled gardens (also known as managed content) that may contain video, text and image assets, delivered via both broadcast and narrowcast, virtual channels, interactive program guides (IPGs), enhanced TV broadcasts, video on demand (VOD) content and more. In fact, many interactive experiences can originate from the TV portal or users come into the TV portal for additional content and services. Thus, the portal may be accessed through a navigation overlay on top of regular broadcasts or through an IPG, virtual channel or enhanced programming.

Network operators, programmers and content producers have an opportunity to custom brand the content areas of TV portals, providing them with a foundation for offering interactive services and enabling new revenue streams. A portal can contain a controlled set of valuable, aggregated content and merchant sites accessible by consumers. Portal participants can consist of e-commerce providers, such as home shopping, home banking and brokerage services; various news services; weather and sports information providers; as well as advertisers, TV programmers and other content producers.

Managed content designed for a TV environment can be linked to the TV portal, forming an interactive experience that combines the convenient, audio-visually entertaining medium of TV with the immediate information access and electronic purchasing powers often seen on the Internet. The portal offers a secure environment with a common TV-centric user interface, personalization capabilities and cross-merchant shopping capabilities. Some of the key components of portal content include:

-   -   1 Basic Personalized Information—Basic on-demand information         services available to end users (subscribers) are based on their         preferences and/or profile, including headline news, sports news         and scores, local weather, horoscopes, business news and stock         quotes.     -   2 Branded Content—Information services in various categories         include branded sources such as television networks, which may         provide information and entertainment services in portals to         augment their regular TV programming.     -   3 Shopping—“T-commerce” or “TV Commerce” includes categories         such as books, video, music, gifts, electronics, apparel, travel         and toys, as well as advanced shopping features such as         comparison shopping, cross-merchant shopping carts and auctions.     -   4 Advertising—Advertising opportunities are widely available         throughout the iTV landscape. Unlike Internet portals, which         only provide targeted and personalized banner ads, broadband         access and the rich medium of TV provide a compelling         advertising vehicle, drawing consumers into a TV-centric         entertainment experience that drives responses while providing         the same targeting and personalization capabilities of the         Internet.     -   5 Self-provisioning—Through a network operator's TV portal,         subscribers can manage their own billing information and         preferences, and subscribe to new services including premium         services, e-mail, games, video on demand and more.     -   6 Virtual Channels—A virtual channel is a custom-branded TV         channel that can be accessed from programming, the main menu or         info bar, from a network operator portal, an IPG or by manually         selecting a specified channel number (e.g., channel 401). Within         such a channel, a TV network, advertiser or content provider can         combine a video library with Internet or database content, and         on-demand features enable viewers to control their interactions         with the information. Thus, virtual channels allow for specific         content opportunities for niche audiences, targeted advertising,         brand building, and program promotions, as well commerce and         subscription revenue streams.

B. Interactive Program Guides (IPGs). The IPG is the navigation tool for TV viewing, allowing viewers to easily search for programming by time, channel, program type, and so on. It is an essential tool for iTV users, especially as the number of channels and other offerings increase. IPGs provide an opportunity for companies to offer an increasingly large amount of data in an easy-to-use interface.

C. Personal Video Recorders (PVRs). PVRs store video programming on an internal hard drive and function like a personalized video server, allowing end-users to “time shift” their TV viewing. While watching live TV, the user can “pause” and “rewind”, as well as “fast-forward” to catch up to the live broadcast. PVRs also act as autonomous agents, searching all of the available programming and building a dynamic menu of personalized content choices that the user can access at his/her convenience. Currently most PVRs are stand-alone units, developed and marketed by companies such as TiVo and Replay Networks (now Sonic Blue).

D. Video On Demand (VOD) Services. VOD is essentially server-side time shifting (vs. client-side in the case of PVRs). Users are able to play, pause and rewind videos on their TVs via their remote control. Companies such as Concurrent, Diva, SeaChange and nCube provide VOD server technology.

E. Enhanced TV Broadcasts. Enhanced TV broadcasting provides interactive content linked to video programming. A user can request information on products within ads, access additional program information, such as sports statistics, or otherwise interact with a television broadcast such as a game show. This functionality is achieved through the transmission of an interactive trigger and data sent in the broadcast channel or other mechanism along with the video broadcast. For example, ATVEF (the Advanced Television Enhancement Forum) triggers are messages that arrive at a specific point in time during a broadcast (e.g., via text channel 2 of the closed caption channel carried on line 21 of NTSC video), and are intended to activate specific enhanced content.

Enhanced TV broadcasts can be combined with other services within a unified TV portal, integrating with a walled garden or virtual channel content to leverage robust order processing, fulfillment infrastructure and revenue sharing agreements that may already in place.

F. Other Services. E-mail access, chat functions, music jukeboxes and photo albums are examples of other iTV offerings.

Many of the applications listed above will be presented to end users via a common user interface and order/transaction entry and tracking system. However, each application has specific integration, management and distribution issues that arise depending on the environment that the network operators choose to deploy and significant problems are experienced by application providers and distributors in deploying and managing their iTV applications as a result. Stated differently, application providers and distributors face problems in developing and managing their iTV applications beause there exists a proliferation of technologies and standards for the delivery of iTV applications and different network operators have chosen to deploy different combinations of these technologies. For example, iTV application providers must cope with networks that have been cobbled together with different technologies such as:

-   -   a Head end technology from different providers such as Motorola,         Scientific Atlanta, Harmonic, etc.     -   b Set-top boxes from different manufacturers such as Motorola,         Scientific Atlanta, Pace, Pioneer, AOL, etc.     -   c Various combinations of network topologies such as cable,         satellite, terrestrial, and telco, etc.     -   d Middleware from providers such as Liberate, OpenTV, MSTV,         Canal+, Worldgate, etc.     -   e VOD server providers from vendors such as SeaChange,         Concurrent, nCube, Diva, etc.     -   f Billing systems from companies such as Convergys, CSG, DST,         etc.     -   g Conditional access systems from vendors such as NDS, Harmonic,         etc.     -   h Differeing implementation standards such as HTML, XHTML, XML,         Ecmascript, OCAP, MHP, ATVEF, DASE, etc.     -   i Various programming languages, such as Java, C, C++, etc.

Content providers and application developers must navigate through this maze of often incompatible and unique combinations of the equipment, technologies and standards, and often must develop a unique and different application for each such combination that they wish to target. For their part, network operators must deploy, configure, manage and operate iTV applications on each different network configuration individually, increasing cost, complexity, and staffing needs, while reducing the number of service that can be deployed, and the quality of those services.

System operators must manage the applications within the iTV service. Middleware solutions alone allow only for a collection of applications to be deployed. There is no provision for creating a system of applications that address the following issues:

-   -   a Application validation (rights for application to deploy on         the system and further the rights of the behaviors of that         application; and     -   b High-level views of content placement opportunities across an         entire system of applicantions, an example of which may be the         ability for the system operator to “see” advertisement locations         across an entire system of applicantons where that set of         applications may have come from a multitude of sources.

Another significant problem for the deployment of iTV applications in the United States is that the majority of in-service set-top boxes, such as the Motorola DCT1200 and DCT2000 families and the Scientific Atlanta Explorer 2000, Explorer 2100, Explorer 3000 and Explorer 3100 families, have relatively low power (e.g., slow clock speed) processors and a limited amount of onboard memory (both flash memory and DRAM) with which to store and process iTV applications. These set-top limitations make it very difficult to support the features, functions and viewer response times for iTV applications that are required for a compelling and rich user experience.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a server component adapted to allow content developers to create interactive television (iTV) applications, in which there is a separation of application behavior from content and business rules, according to an authoring specification that describes a framework for the iTV applications; a transport component configured to optimize the iTV applications from the server component and to deliver the iTV applications to one or more client devices; and a client component resident on at least one of the client devices and adapted to render the iTV applications through a television so as to permit user interaction with the iTV applications. The authoring specification may be regarded as an extensible markup language (XML) schema, wherein the presentation of content is accommodated through one or more templates defined therein. Thus application definition and behavior may remain common across multiple client device types, middleware platforms, and/or iTV operating environments and the framework for iTV applications may accommodate advertising, promotions, content placement packages and/or programming campaign definitions, so as to permit a selection of a specific advertisement, promotion or content at a time of preparation of the iTV content by the server component, and/or a time of execution of the iTV applications by the client component.

Such selection may be made according to one or more business rules, which may include rules for placing and/or automating product offerings, promotions, advertising campaigns, VOD, broadcast-on-demand, transactional opportunities, and/or other types of content across disparate television services. The rules for placing and/or automating product offerings may accommodate multiple selection criteria, for example: location, current channel, current channel family, current channel category, time of day, offering category, current program, current program genre, current iTV application, current content type, and subscriber profile. Further, the business rules may accommodate subscriber-specific rules according to a subscriber profile associated with a particular one of the client devices upon which the client component is resident. The business rules may be selected at any of the following instances: dynamically at the time of execution of the iTV applications, or at the time of application creation.

The framework for iTV application definition may accommodate an application profile definition, defined by a set of capabilities that correspond to a set of actions in the authoring specification, which provides a common model for provisioning, managing, deploying, advertising, commerce, layout, animation, events and navigation, dynamic data insertion, and optimization of the iTV applications across different iTV operating environments. Such iTV applications may include one or more of (a) interactive program guides, (b) television menus, (c) content services, (d) virtual channels, (e) video on demand applications, (f) personal video recorder applications, (g) broadcast on demand applications, (h) enhanced television services applications, (i) help, (j) customer support, (k) self service, (l) games, or (m) data service applications. In general, the iTV applications are tagged in a manner such that the iTV applications present all placement opportunities across all applications as a set of programmable opportunities. In this regard, a programmable opportunity can be any location or set of locations within the iTV applications where content may be placed, said content including advertisements, promotions, data including text images and/or video, or another application. The iTV applications are configured to respond in a subscriber-specific manner to user interactions with the iTV applications.

In one embodiment, the client component is a software module resident in a memory of the at least one of the client devices, the software module being one of: a Java applet, a C applet, a C++ applet, or a C# applet. The client component may be adapted to download the iTV applications delivered by the transport component in response to user input, e.g., from a broadcast carousel. Alternatively, or in addition, the client component may be adapted to load the iTV applications from memory in response to user input. Meanwhile, the server component presents a view of the programmable opportunities for automated control of individual programming opportunities or groups of programming opportunities.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a unified application system (UAS) configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates one example of an application server configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates one example of an application client configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 4A-4OO illustrate an example of an XML schema that is supported by an embodiment of the present application client, executing on a network terminal or set-top box, which enables application definitions to conform to a common application framework deployable over multiple network configurations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are systems and methods by which, in one embodiment, content and application developers are provided a common application framework that enables rapid development and deployment of iTV applications across a broad spectrum of iTV networks made up of differing head end and/or set top box systems, and automates the process of delivering iTV applications across such networks. The present invention provides a solution for operating a system of iTV applications that are uniformly programmable and where the system operator is given the control to manage the rights and the programming of that system of iTV applications. The present invention also provides a solution to the significant problems of deploying compelling, responsive and feature rich TV-centric applications on in-service set-top boxes by introducing a unique client technology that is targeted to the requirements of iTV applications.

The client technology referred to above may be implemented, in part, as a lightweight engine that provides a common execution framework for iTV applications. This allows multiple iTV applications that conform to a common application authoring specification to be deployed. This specification also supports the separation of application templates, which describe application layout and behavior, from dynamic data packages that are used by the application, and from business and programming rules packages that enable the programming of various types of content. This separation of function also significantly reduces the memory and bandwidth requirements otherwise needed for deploying multiple applications on set-top boxes. An example of the authoring specification for application definition is set forth in the form of a User's Guide in Appendix B.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the present invention, which may be regarded as an end-to-end environment for developing, delivering and deploying iTV applications. This environment will be termed a unified application system (UAS) 10 and it includes two primary components: a client-side “display engine” that runs on set-top box middleware, and which is driven by a server-side “programming engine” that runs in the network head end and/or data center. The server component features an application server (AS) 12, which is responsible for programming, packaging and optimizing content for different applications and platforms. Such content is composed of the aforementioned templates, data and business rules packages. The application client (AC) 14 is the companion client solution that runs on the set-top box 16. It is responsible for the application rendering and behavior on top of the set-top box middleware 18. Different ACs 14 may be targeted for different set-top boxes 16. As will become apparent from a review of this disclosure, the UAS 10 combines the AS 12 and AC 14 (along with other servers and componets described below) to enable network operators to deploy a robust system for iTV applications and to allow application developers to populate those applications with dynamic data from various content sources. These applications can be authored once and run compatibly on multiple different types of set-top boxes 16.

In the example shown in FIG. 1, the data center 20 is where the AC applications are created, optimized and validated by the AS 12, before being delivered to the network (e.g., cable and/or satellite) head end 22 for insertion into the network distribution system. In other embodiments, these functions may be performed in the head end or a regional distribution center. Applications may be authored using using an authoring language designed for building applications targeted at a suite of ACs 14. One example of this authoring language is the XML authoring language set forth in detail in Appendix B. Application data is generated from dynamic data feeds 24 that are delivered to the AS 12 from various content providers (e.g., via the Internet). Application packages, including layouts, data, ad campaigns, programming rules and directives files specific to different middleware systems (such as carousel definition format (CDF) files for Liberate systems), are periodically updated and then delivered to an application proxy (AP) server 26 that may be located at the data center 20 or (as shown in the diagram) in the network head end 22.

The network head end (or network operator regional distribution center) 22 is where the AC applications are delivered and integrated with various network components so that they can be broadcast to subscribers. As used herein, the term head end also refers to a network operator regional distribution center, which may be used in some embodiments. Once an updated AC application package is delivered to the AP 26 in the head end 22, it is ready to be inserted into the network. This process is initiated by the AP server 26, which posts a CDF (or or other information set, optimized for the given middleware system), to the network middleware application server 28. The CDF contains instructions and locations for all of the files that are part of the new application package. The network application server 28 then fetches the AC package assets from the AP 26 and performs any necessary modifications to the files so the set-top boxes 16 can access them. For example, depending on the set-top platform in use, dynamic image files may need to be converted to MPEG files and so on. Upon completion of these processes, the various AC application files are broadcast through the distribution network 30 via in-band and/or out-of-band carousels.

The AC 14 may, in one embodiment, reside as an applet in flash memory of the set-top box 16. In other cases, the AC 14 may be downloaded from the carousel as needed. In either case, when a user makes a selection to use an AC application, the set-top box 16 will invoke the AC and tune to the proper in-band carousel and/or fetch from an out-of-band carousel to retrieve the necessary AC application files. The AC 14 may also load files directly from a local client database. Once these files are loaded into the set-top box memory, the user can begin interacting with the application.

Application usage statistics may be collected at the set-top box 12 and periodically sent back through the distribution network 30 to the AP server 26. The AP server 26 then delivers these logs to a report manager 32 (often located at the data center 20) where usage reports are generated.

Using the unified application system 10 in conjunction with the common application profile definded by the authoring specification, many aspects of iTV applications can be automated. For example, in various embodiments, the present invention permits the automation of applications for a network operator's specific digital television and iTV platforms by providing content receipt, validation, distribution, services, management and reports optimized for the target environment. In addition, the present invention permits the automation of secure transactions to merchants, enabling network operators to integrate product purchasing and requests for information features into their on-demand services. That is, commerce features may be integrated with other content assets in a unified manner. Similarly, iTV advertising campaign management, insertion and targeting may be automated, allowing network operators and advertisers to incorporate text, graphics and video-based advertising campaigns into on-demand services. Proceeding further, elements of the service content, such as promotions, requests for information, placement opportunities and other elements can be programmed and scheduled across various services. This mechanism of dynamically placing elements of content in a unified manner across the multiple applications of the iTV service by specifying a set of rules and conditions for determining and placing the content is termed “programming”.

Turning now to the application server 12 in more detail, in one embodiment the AS 12 includes a catalog engine 34, a harvester 36, a data generator 38, an optimizer 40 and a packager 42 and a programming rules engine 41. Report manager 32 may also be included in the AS 12 or may be a stand-alone server. Each of these functional units will now be discussed.

Catalog engine 34 allows iTV developers and system administrators to aggregate and categorize (via a common API and capture template schema mechanism) content from various data sources into a centralized, and also potentially distributed, database. The catalog engine 34 thus provides a single container from which data can be accessed, regardless of its source. The catalog engine 34 is integrated with the harvester 36, such that it may be populated with harvested content in the form of XML and expose content via the harvesting interfaces, but its primary objective is to provide a mechanism to store and serve data that is not captured via the harvester 36. As such, the catalog engine 34 provides a repository for storage and management of advertising campaigns, product and promotional categories, and business rules. Catalog engine 34 may be implemented, in part, as a relational database and thus may be equipped with features common to such databases. In one embodiment, catalog engine 34 may include a catalog manager, which provides a user interface (e.g., a web-based interface) for iTV developers and system administrators to specify the content they wish to harvest, define the mapping rules for catalog engine elements and categories, and schedule times at which harvesting should occur.

Harvester 36 enables new iTV services to be rapidly deployed by leveraging existing Internet and broadcast content. It is designed to extract, collect, integrate, and deploy content and commerce from a variety of sources 24 (e.g., Internet sources, news sources, VOD pitcher/catcher systems, and other data feeds including text and xml feeds) into new, rich, television-centric services. In one embodiment, the harvester 36 delivers content in the form of XML schemas. In one embodiment, the harvester 36 delivers content to the catalog engine 34. The content is thus dynamically harvested, re-purposed and enhanced for the television without affecting the technology resources or publishing costs of the content provider.

In order to re-purpose the content for a television experience, harvester 36 incorporates a transformation engine that converts a variety of data sources into television centric formats. This is distinguished from current transformation engines for iTV, which focus on transforming the set of both layout and data. In one embodiment, the harvester 36 delivers content in the form of XML schemas. That is, using the XML authoring specification described in Appendix B, application designers can map existing data sources to content areas and page layouts within an application template. Once the mapping of a data source is complete, no new versions of the content need to be maintained; the harvesting process is automated and dynamic. For example, if content from an Internet site is being harvested, changes in content posted on the site will be dynamically reflected through the TV centric design.

For video related content, harvester 36 conducts a dialogue with an asset distribution system (ADS) responsible for delivering such video assets and metadata. The harvester 36 acts as an asset management system (AMS) to such ADS for the purpose of retrieving and storing video asset metadata in the catalog engine 34. This process may conform to existing standards such as the TimeWarner Asset Distribution Interface (ADI) or the CableLabs VOD Content Specification 1.1 and 2.0.

When a viewer accesses harvested TV-centric content through a remote control and set-top box, the harvester 36 conducts a multi-step dialogue with the corresponding Internet site. This process simulates a user browsing and interacting directly with the site. Activities such as checking stocks, adding items to a shopping cart, or entering a username and password are mapped through the TV interface to the actual site itself. This means that a two-way dialog can be established without the need for changes or even access to a site's backend publishing systems. All of the site's existing security, information and commerce systems can remain unchanged to support viewers interacting through their televisions.

Packager 42 packages applications, data and assets in an efficient and optimized manner for delivery to the head end 22. In one embodiment, applications can be described in XML (as described in Appendix B), and data may be asset catalog metadata, ad campaign or application configuration information. Optimizations may consist of compression algorithms, such as WBXML or other binary serializable formats. The optimization may be specific to a target platform and network such that the available system resources are maximized. Optimization may include transforming the XML to a byte array where the target platform does not have the memory, or CPU capacity to parse XML. Data may be text or binary data such as numbers, images, ads or databases.

Programming rules engine 41 provides the ability for the network operator, programmer, or content producer to specify rules and conditions to dynamically place and target content to subscribers, and respond to user interaction in different ways. Programmed content consists of any iTV elements including advertising, promotions, requests for information, VOD clips, movies on demand, TV listings, other data including text, images and/or video, and even application links and associated provisioning.

A programming campaign specifies the programming of a content element and consists of four main components:

-   -   1. A campaign key that uniquely identifies the campaign.     -   2. A list of candidates each providing a set of programmed         values for the element attributes.     -   3. A qualifying predicate for each candidate, that consists of a         generalized set of conditions.     -   4. A display rule, such as sequential, random or weighted, to         select one candidate among those that qualify.

A programmable element is identified by the presence of a special resource key attribute that references a programming campaign, via a lookup, using the resource key, into a location list that provides the current campaign ID to use for programming the element. The AC 14 executes the campaign definition. This execution results in the selection of a qualifying candidate (by determining the truth value of the programming conditions). The selected candidate provides a resolution of one or more of the attributes and data of the programmable element, some of which may be newly specified, and some updated (from default values provided by the template and data package).

The above-described concept of “programming” by dynamic execution of rules is available as a mechanism to resolve properties of any content element. Wherever possible, triggering of rules execution is given the following preferential treatment (in order):

-   -   1. On AS server 12 during construction of the broadcast content.     -   2. On AC client 14 for the remaining rules where possible.     -   3. On AS server 12 using a 2-way return path (back channel)         request where required.

By way of illustration only, XML examples for location definition and programming campaign definition are provided below:

<?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?> <!- location list identifies the campaign -- > <location-list start=“938129” end=“948128”>     <location>         <resource key=“2”/>         <campaign-schedule id=“1_176_80”>             <interval start=“938129” end=“948128”/>         </campaign-schedule>     </location> </location-list> <?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?> <!-programming campaign resolves the element attributes and data -- > <campaign-list start=“938129” end=“948128”>  <campaign id=“1_176_80” displayrule=“2”>   <element id=“1_176_81” type=“1” displayruledata=“1” onclick=”vod(“10100011)” src=“img24135.ast” default=“true”>    <condition>     <equal name=“package” value=“bronze”/>    </condition>    <condition>     <equal name=“package” value=“silver”/>     <equal name=“hbo” value=“no”/>    </condition>   </element>   <element id=“1_176_82” type=“1” displayruledata=“2” onclick=”vod(“10100012)” src=“img24138.ast” >    <condition>     <equal name=“package” value=“platinum”/>    </condition>    <condition>     <equal name=“package” value=“silver”/>     <equal name=“hbo” value=“yes”/>    </condition>   </element>  </campaign> </campaign-list>

Another aspect of programming is wherein some elements of a specific item of programming are not known ahead of time. Examples include:

-   -   1. the VOD identity of a daily network program (e.g., NBC Today)         video clip; It is not known ahead of time where this content         opportunity (e.g., via a tile image or text link) to play the         clip will be placed. In other words, it is programmed into the         iTV service.     -   2. Some network programs (e.g., ESPN SportsCenter) provide         encoded video clips a period of time (e.g., 15 minutes) after         each show. The VOD ID has to be updated into all areas in the         iTV service where the clip is programmed, for example to be         delivered in the next half-hourly scheduled package so that the         new clip is available approximately one-half hour after the live         broadcast.

In this form of programming, the AS 12 resolves the candidate element properties by executing a lookup, such as a catalog lookup, to determine the element data. The candidate is then subject to the normal set of rules that may also condition its placement and response. Table 1 below provides an example of the scenarios presented above:

TABLE 1 Candidate Element Properties VOD Segment/ Asset Id Channel/Family Show/Program Genre Date Time 3409192325 NBC NBC Today News Mar. 15, 2002 10 am 3240925809 ESPN ESPN SportsCenter Sports Mar. 14, 2002  3 pm 5366123412 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In general, this form of programming can be understood as a content area in the iTV Service that has programmable elements, but the programming rules to resolve the content change in ways that cannot be predicted. In other words, for a given week the programming may resolve to a list of current titles along with their poster art, but another week week it may be the top rated clips across the whole service, and the following week the list may be required to display other programs and their poster art. Thus, the number and nature of the associative information or keys that determine the content change, and is programmable. The format of the content (the template) does not change.

To summarize the operation of AS 12 then, an application author develops “channel” or application templates using the authoring specification described in Appendix B. These templates are represented in FIG. 1 using the file name APP.xml. Application descriptors are also authored, which allow queries to be made to the catalog engine 34. These queries result in the creation of dynamic data files (DATA.xml), which will ultimately populate the APP.xml layout templates. Stated differently, the App.xml file may refer to the asset catalog queries for specific metadata, metadata categories, ad campaigns, commerce product and/or category of video assets, etc. The data generator 38 inserts the selected references into the application page or into the DATA.xml file to accompany the application, as configured by business rules describing the application.

Although not shown in the diagram, an advertisement server may be invoked by similar queries that create ad campaign files for AC applications to display advertisements. Each time a combination of these processes takes place, a “package” of AC files (App.xml and DATA.xml) is created by data generator 38. The newly generated package is delivered to the optimizer 40. The optimizer is responsible for converting the channel and data files into a highly optimized format readable by the AC 14. As part of this process, the optimizer 40 may parse the application file for sub pages and external asset references. Application definitions may be invoked recursively, as necessary. Part of the optimization process includes separating the user interface (i.e., the layout or presentation) from the actual data assets (e.g., the asset catalog metadata, ad campaigns, application configurations, etc.). Further, the user interface and data elements are converted to a binary format specific to the network topology and set-top platform to produce the optimized set of files (e.g., App.pkg, App.mac, DATA.dat, VC.ads, VC.upd). Within this package, .mac files define application layout, logic, and behavior, .dat files define application specific data, .upd files contain list of updated .dat files on a carousel, .ads files contain ad campaign/location information, and .pkg files contain .mac, vc.dat, and vc.ads file in a single file for initial load of applications.

The optimized package of files is delivered to the packager 42, where it is prepared for delivery to the AP server 26 in the nework head end 22. The packager 42 is responsible for creating a CDF or other directives file to define all of the assets in the package. The packager 42 also assigns PID values to each of the images in the package. Upon completion of the package, it is made available to the AP server 26, which includes a packager proxy 46 that periodically (under the control of a scheduler 44) fetches (e.g., using an HTTPS Get) the latest package from the AS 12.

When the AP 26 retrieves a new package, it stores all the associated assets on a conventional web server 48 and posts the CDF for the package to the network application server 28. The data carousel update (DCU) component 50 of the network application server 28 checks its cache manager 52 to compare the new package to the previous package. For any files that have changed, the network application server 28 executes any necessary processes to update the content. For image content, this may involve crawling the HTML/images hosted on the AP web server 48, rendering them to MPEG format, and delivering them back to the DCU server 50. For all other content (.pkg, .dat, .mac, .ads, .upd files), the network application server 28 makes a direct connection to retrieve those files hosted on the AP's web server 48.

Once all CDF items have been fetched, rendered and assigned MPEG PIDs as specified in the CDF, the Mediacast component 54 of the network application server 28 begins carouseling the files through the distribution network 30. The files may be delivered over an in-band and/or an out-of-band carousel.

Upon selection of an application by a user (e.g., via a remote control associated with set-top box 16), the AC applet 14 loads the necessary files from the in-band and/or out-of-band carousels to display the application. The user is then able to interact with the application running on the set-top box 18. While using an application, it is possible that a new package of data/advertisements/promotions/programming packages is made available for that application. The AC 14 constantly listens for a vc.upd file in carousel. When a new vc.upd file is detected, the AC 14 makes an attempt to retrieve from the carousel any new files and programming associated with the application, and refreshes the current screen.

The AC 14 may record application usage, for example through a Liberate Imprint client 56 running on the set-top box 16. The Imprint client 56 periodically forwards a log file of the recorded usage back through the distribution network 30 to an Imprint server 58. The Imprint server 58 then periodically posts the logs to a report proxy 60 in the AP server 26. On a scheduled basis the AP server 26 may forward the logs back to a report manager 32 in the data center 20, where the data is aggregated and made available in the form of various reports. Of course in other embodiments a different logging clinet and server combination may be used.

Turning now to FIG. 2, an overview of a services manager 62 that provides an integrated set of management consoles for AS 12 is presented. The services manager 62 provides an interface (which may be web-based in some embodiments) for administration, service definition, scheduling, notifications, advertising, business rules and programming specification, reporting, and updates to other applications and services of UAS 10. This may include the specification of advertising campaigns, product categorization, commerce targeting rules, promotional opportunities, business rule specification and other application creation activities at AS 12. In one embodiment, the following management consoles are provided:

-   -   a Administration Manager 64. This is an application that enables         system administrators to manage the configuration and deployment         of iTV applications and services across multiple servers and         multiple operator systems.     -   b Report Manager 22. As discussed above, this is an application         that allows system administrators and other users to design,         run, and publish a selection of reports.     -   c Subscriber Manager 66. This is an application that allows         system administrators to create and edit users and groups, and         assign access privileges to specific system components and         functions within those components.     -   d Catalog Manager 68. This is an application that allows         developers and system administrators to aggregate and categorize         content from various data sources into a centralized database.     -   e Programming Manager 69. This is an application that allows the         network operator, programmer or content producer to specify the         elements of advertising, promotional opportunities, VOD         placement, image and text placement, subscriber targeting,         service and application provisioning, interactive user responses         and other programming elements in the service. It allows the         administrator to specify the condition predicates and dynamic         associative lookups and business rules that constitute service         programming.         The various managers may be accessed through one or more APIs         for billing, subscriber management, security, content         management, asset management, and reporting.

Returning to FIG. 1, the AP 26 is a distributed component of the AS 12 that improves performance and reliability of the service and facilitates secure data exchange between an MSO's private network (i.e., head end 22) and the data center 20. Typically, the head end network is protected by a firewall 70 that does not allow a connection to be initiated from the outside. Installed within the head end 22, the AP 26 initiates a connection with the AS 12 at the data center 20, retrieves application CDF files and assets at scheduled intervals, and transfers these AC applications to the network application server 28. Additionally the AP 26 performs a variety of reporting, notification and other functions as described elsewhere herein.

The AP 26 improves the performance and reliability of iTV services by acting as a remote cache for the AS 12. For example, if the connection between the head end 22 and data center 20 is down, if a data feed is interrupted, or if there are any other problems serving application content, the AP 26 will continue to function in the head end 22, successfully delivering “cached” content to the service. This provides subscribers with no service downtime while operations and support staff resolve the problems.

Like AS 12, the AP 26 may include consoles (which may be web-based) for administration, configuration, scheduling and notifications. It may also issues success and failure e-mail notifications of various operations to the data center 20 via mail gateway 72.

Turing now to the application client 14, it is a lightweight solution running on middleware 18 or set-top box operating systems that enables the automation, distribution and optimization of the iTV applications. Different versions of AC 14 may be provided for different platforms, such as the PowerTV operating system, OpenTV operating system, Microsoft operating system, or Java virtual machines running on a set-top box (MAC-J). In all such cases, the AC 14 provides a common application framework for the iTV applications.

The AC 14 is responsible for reading in optimized files and displaying iTV channels that end-users can interact with. The AC 14 can be best described as containing four modules: 1. a core state machine, 2. a graphical widget layer, 3. a broadcast file system (BFS) layer, and 4. a VOD layer. The core state machine is governed by a central event loop. When new content is required (as a result of the AC 14 being started, a user keypress, or a timer event), the core state machine calls the BFS layer to load any needed files from the carousel (i.e., the broadcast file system). Once the BFS layer reports that the files are ready, the core state machine passes the new content to the graphical widget layer with a command to draw a certain portion of the content on screen. If there is VOD content to be rendered, the core state machine calls the VOD layer to render it.

The graphical widget layer is responsible for rendering content, passed to it by the core state machine, to the screen. Each screenful of content is encapsulated as a new page object. Each page object refers to a section of the layout file, which contains compact binary representations of all the graphical components on the page. The page object steps through the binary description of the content, drawing graphical components as needed (text objects, images, ads, etc.) to render the page.

The BFS Layer is responsible for reading files from the broadcast file system, or carousel. These files typically contain screen layout information or tables of data intended for display within graphical components, and have been generated by the optimizer and placed on the carousel by the packager. The general file format for any BFS file is a byte array, with pointers to individual elements within the byte array. The BFS layer is responsible for interpreting these pointers properly, so that the other code modules can request individual elements within any BFS file by file, table, row, and column without any knowledge of how the BFS files are represented internally. The BFS layer is also responsible for the mechanics of loading these files from the carousel. Thus, the core state machine merely calls the BFS layer, passing in an array of filenames to fetch from the carousel. The BFS layer checks that all the requested files are available, loads them, and issues a callback indicating that the operation has either failed or completely succeeded.

The VOD Layer is responsible for displaying video-on-demand content and allowing the user to control playback. The core state machine determines what VOD content is displayed, and when to display it.

The AC 14 loads several files from the carousel to display a “channel” of iTV content. The files are of several types, each with its own three-letter extension as shown in Table 1. All AC files are generated by the optimizer component 40 that resides on the AS 12.

TABLE 2 Types of files File Input to File Extension Optimizer 40 Purpose Layout file .mac .xml Contains page layout information Data files .dat .xml Contains data used to populate layout files Ad and .ads .xml Contains information about Programming .pgm and conditions to files determine which ads and other programming elements to display when and where within the channel. Package file .pkg .mac, .dat, Bundle the vc.mac, vc.dat, .ads and vc.ads files to expedite the initial load of a channel. (That is, one carousel visit to initially load a channel rather than three carousel visits) Update file .upd Generated Informs the MAC-J client of upon new content in other file all other files on the updates carousel.

In one embodiment of the Optimizer 40 All file types share a common base-level table structure: each file is made up of one or more tables. Each table, in turn, is made up of one or more rows of one or more columns each. Thus, a table with 4 rows and 5 columns will contain 4×5=20 elements. The elements themselves are byte arrays; each element can be any length (including zero bytes); the length of each element is specified within the table header. Because the table header contains pointers to all elements within the table, accessing an element within the table is fast.

Although all file types share this basic table structure, the meaning of each table (or each row or column within a given table) is different for each file type. These meanings are recorded in a file as variables whose names start with “TABLEINDEX_”. The following outlines the filetype specific table structures:

-   -   a Layout files (.mac):         -   1 Each table contains a different page of layout data             (except for the first 9 tables in this file; they are             handled specially). Each of these tables contain multiple             rows, one column across.         -   2 Each row contains one separate graphical component of the             page.     -   b Data files (.dat):         -   1 Tables are structured as the application author desires.     -   c Ad files (.ads):         -   There are 4 tables.         -   1 AdAsset Table: contains all the bitmap, pframe, text             assets         -   2 AdCampaign Table: grouping of ad asset information and             associated conditions along with display rules to select             among qualifying candidates         -   3 AdSchedule Table: grouping of campaigns per time period         -   4 AdLocation Table: grouping of schedules     -   d Programming campaign files (.pgm):         -   There are four tables.         -   1 ProgrammingAsset Table: contains all the bitmap, pframe,             text assets         -   2 ProgrammingCampaign Table: grouping of programming element             information and associated conditions along with display             rules to select among qualifying candidates         -   3 ProgrammingSchedule Table: grouping of campaigns per time             period         -   4 ProgrammingLocation Table: grouping of schedules     -   e Update files (.upd):         -   1 One column table. Each row is a string filename of the             file that needs to be updated.

The elements within these tables, as mentioned above, are variable-length byte fields. Each element can be any one of the following types:

-   -   a string: zero or more bytes, one byte per character     -   b integer: four bytes     -   c short: two bytes     -   d byte: one byte         The element itself does not contain any indication of its type;         the type is implied by the element's position within the table.         In other words, the AC 14 knows which type it is looking for         when reading an element, so it processes the bytes it finds in         the element accordingly. If there is a mismatch between         optimizer and client, then the client may try to read part of a         text string as an integer or vice versa.

Following this same embodiment of the optimizer where a byte array is generated, when the AC 14 reads in a file from the carousel, it keeps it in memory as a monolithic byte array, and indexes into that byte array to read out each element (or update any element in place) as desired. An alternative embodiment would be to parse the file out into an array of Java objects as soon as it is loaded from the carousel, but this would be too much of a load for a low powered set-top box as it would incur additional time and memory usage to create all these objects rather than keep the file as one monolithic array.

In one embodiment, the AC 14 may be regarded a collection of the building blocks for any application that one might conceive for a particular iTV platform. For each platform (e.g., set-top box and middleware/operating system combination) on which the AC 14 is implemented, it may take on different forms. That is, each AC 14 may look the same to the applications that make use of it, but on different platforms the AC 14 may leverage the available platform resources to different extents. Using a sufficiently lightweight Java virtual machine (JVM) platform as an example, the application developer has the facilities of the underlying JVM available, including, potentially, applications that can incorporate video/audio as well as supporting dynamic data updates, video overlay, and synchronization with TV programming. In these instances, the AC 14 uses the JVM to provide applications with a client framework supporting these features. In another embodiment, where the set-top environment, whether Java, C, or other programming context, provides a subset of such features, however limited, the AC 14 will compensate by providing the remaining features as required by the application definition framework, so that a TV-feature rich, common application framework is available to content providers and application developers. Various embodiments of AC 12 can be deployed for broadcast-only environments, while others may be used for 2-way networked application implementations or a combination of two-way and broadcast.

Referring now to FIG. 3, regardless of the set-top platform on which it executes the AC 14 includes several common components, including client engine 74. This engine is responsible for the overall logic and functionality of any application. It manages applications from framework descriptions where the data, the layout and behavior, and the rules are separately defined. This is distinguished from other client engines where the application has been merged to a single specification before consumption by the client. It includes a data parser 76 to interpret the data format it receives, a scripting event model 78 for performing various actions, a programming rules engine (which may be part of client engine 74) for interpreting the programming elements, and a cache 80 for displaying applications. Data parser 76 reads in the virtual channel application code and processes it into usable directives for the client engine 74 to manage, render and execute event actions within the application. Based on the platform (e.g., the PowerTV operating system), the client engine 74 may provide rendering functions, or simply use the rendering engine 80 provided by the middleware platform.

Application manager 84 is another common component and is responsible for creating a logical navigation structure for each screen, positioning of defined objects on a screen, and communicating information between objects and screen. Some of these objects monitor user activity and the presentation of particular items such as ads.

Application layout objects (widgets) 86 are other common componets of AC 14. This is a set of pre-built, tested controls for any TV user interface on a particular iTV middleware platform. Objects that require a standard behavior and appearance are stored here. Some of these widgets are required only for two-way network implementations. The application author can customize certain features of widgets (e.g., background color, font size) but the widgets have a general behavior and form factor which are well tested, built for TV, and completely reusable from application to application.

Form controls, cookies and advanced layout and management objects are some of the application layout objects that may be added to the two-way AC client 14 to provide some or all of the following capabilities:

-   -   a Text Input: A field that accepts alphanumeric input from the         end-user. The control can be designated as a password input         which would mask the entered characters. The maximum number of         characters accepted by the control is specified. When the amount         of data input is larger than will fit in the field, the visible         text will scroll to keep the tail of the entered text visible.     -   b Check Box: An element that can be either on or off.     -   c Radio Button: A selectable element that works in conjunction         with other radio buttons contained within the same radio group.         Only one radio button can be selected at any time within the         same group.     -   d Spinner: A pre-populated list of possible items where only 1         item can be selected. When items exceed the viewable space the         list can be scrolled.     -   e Hidden: Has no interface feature. This is used to handle extra         data required by a form element.     -   f Select: A pre-populated list of possible items where only 1         item can be selected. When items exceed the viewable space the         list can be scrolled either horizontally, vertically or both.         Vertical scrolling provides similar functionality to the Spinner         control. The location of the selected item can always be the         same physical position within the control, i.e. the list will         move but the selected item will always be displayed in the same         position. Alternatively, the selected indicator would move         within the control.

In one embodiment, the AC 14 supports cookies. Cookies area mechanism that provides server-side connections used to both store and retrieve information from the AC connection. A server, when returning an HTTP object to AC 14, may also transfer a piece of state information which the AC 14 will store. Included in that state object is a description of the range of URLs for which that state is valid. Any future HTTP requests made by the AC 14 that fall in that range will include a transmittal of the current value of the state object from the AC 14 back to the server.

In one embodiment, the following advanced objects can be available to support more advanced, TV-centric applications.

-   -   a Groups: A group of design controls that can share properties         and behaviors. For example, the group can contain the         appropriate font properties and all controls within the group         will use the same values unless they have their own properties         defined.     -   b Collection: A collection is a special type of group. Only one         member of a collection can be displayed on the screen at any one         time, like pages in a book     -   c Graphical Transitions: Transitions allow portions of the         markup to move along linear paths when triggered by standard         user actions such as clicking and navigating or by timed events.         Transitions have transparency, customizable accelerations,         velocity, and clipping areas. Together with navigation-exclusive         groups they make possible true pop-up dialogs, scrollable lists,         drop-down menus and other dynamic interface elements.         Transitions also honor “z-depth” and are properly obscured by         foreground objects that they pass behind. A series of actions         may be triggered when a transition completes, allowing a cascade         of subsequent transitions and actions. All of this is fully         exposed in the XML tag language and does not require custom         application recompilation.     -   d Subroutine tag: An XML construct that allows a series of         actions to be defined once and referenced multiple times with         different arguments to prevent repetition of action code.     -   e Clipping widget: A device for clipping a group of visible         widgets to a specific screen area. Useful for user defined list         boxes and tickers.     -   f Timer widget: A widget that allows multiple concurrent timers         that can trigger one-time or periodic events. The timer events         can be started when the page is loaded, when other events such         as button clicks and transition finalizations occur, or when         chained to other timers.

In another embodiment, two-way virtual channels deployed with AC 14 can easily accommodate the requirements for video integration, providing the viewer with media-rich applications that seamlessly blend text, graphics and branded programming content. Video integration adds the following features to a virtual channel application:

-   -   a Session Setup: Session setup will use DSM-CC and SSP.     -   b Stream Control: AC 14 will communicate directly with the VOD         servers, for example using DSM-CC based LSCP protocols for         stream control operations over the out-of-band channel.     -   c Parental Indicator: AC 14 may use the SARA API's for all         parental control functionality.     -   d Trickmode Indicator: Trick mode functionality may be presented         in an overlay (e.g., along the bottom portion of the television         screen). The following trick mode functions may be supported:         fast forward (FF), FFx2, rewind (RW), RWx2, pause, stop,         FF-to-end, RW-to-beginning.     -   e LSCP Protocol: AC 14 may communicate directly with the VOD         servers via the LSCP protocol to avoid overhead and will have a         high priority thread to handle the requests from the viewer.

Thus, the AC 14 brings considerable value to application developers and network operators by providing a core set of functionality and components to build and deploy an application. Further, the AC 14 provides the TV viewer with a well-defined set of user interface controls and navigation behaviors, such that users become accustomed to general application behavior across all the virtual channels and iTV applications utilizing the AC 14. Some examples of these capabilities will now be presented.

In one embodiment, the AC 14 serves two primary roles in its interaction with a server: it determines the precise ad(s) that will appear within a TV page (based on a broadcast rules package), and it measures campaign effectiveness via logging of impressions and click-throughs. Because data is updated in specified intervals in a broadcast environment, client-side ad selection assures that advertisements can be refreshed more frequently if desired. Client-side logging of impressions and click-throughs is of course dependent on the implementation of the two-way AC 14.

At the outset and using an administrative console, advertising assets and campaigns are assigned to pre-determined locations within the pages of an iTV service. When a page to be optimized (crawled) for AC 14 contains an advertisement, the ad server (or AS 12 if no specific ad server is used) inserts a specific reference to the exact campaign that was assigned to the page during the given time interval. The ad server creates a corresponding global advertisement resource file of all campaigns that occur on pages accessed during the specified time period, and places it onto the broadcast carousel. This file contains campaign description XML files (including display rules and click-through instructions) and advertising assets (or references to them).

Upon executing a page that contains a reference to an ad campaign, AC 14 looks in the global campaign resource file to identify the campaign's display rule and all advertisements associated with the campaign. AC 14 then executes the display rule locally and displays the appropriate advertisement. The data logged by AC 14 includes impressions (i.e., pages that contain a specific campaign) and click-throughs (tracked via the path taken to a campaign “microsite.”).

Upon executing a page that contains references to programming elements, AC 14 executes the programming campaigns referenced by the “key” attributes of those elements. AC 14 executes its programming rules engine which identifies the campaign using the key, executes the conditions to determine the qualifying candidates, executes the display rule to select one among the qualifying candidates, and resolves the one or more of the (non-key) attributes and data of the programmable element, some of which may be specified newly, and some updated (from default values provided by the template and data package).

As with all data logged by AC 14, impression and click-through data is uploaded to a reporting sever. The two-way implementation therefore enables campaign reporting and tracking. The AC log file fully integrates with the data-reporting engine to provide impression and click-through statistics.

Another example of specific features and functions in some embodiments of the AC 14 are exemplified when considering data collection and reporting. As described above, the AC 14 allows end users to view specific video, product, and content offerings. As the viewer navigates the iTV applications and selects offerings, AC 14 records the transaction internally and periodically sends back its usage log to a server which then may aggregate the data into a centralized database that is used for reporting.

An example of the data targeted for collection includes:

-   -   a Date.     -   b Event type—TVChannel: this event will report which channel the         viewer watched.     -   c Event type—Impression: This event will report which         interactive application screen was viewed and also which         advertisement (or other asset) was presented on the screen.     -   d Set-top ID—MAC address.     -   e Duration.     -   f Additional data—optional.

Where the features of the set-top box permit, in one embodiment, the AC 14 can provide for scaled video and hot key support:

-   -   a Scaled Video—It is not possible for set-top boxes having         limited memory to process high-resolution graphics and scaled         video at the same time. Application designers may instead choose         any of the following options:         -   i Use low-resolution graphics with the scaled video (this             requires the creation of a “duplicate set” of assets)         -   ii Overlay high-resolution graphics over the video and do             not scale the video.         -   iii Use high-resolution graphics and do not have scaled             video.     -   b Hot Key Support—The ability to specify a hot key to launch         applications will be available.

In a further embodiment, the AC 14 can cater to large quantities of data being downloaded, by maintaining a “database”, or cache, that is used to store the data. Querying capabilities will be available to allow for efficient data retrieval by applications. For example, the videos available on a VOD server can be downloaded to the client. Depending on the application, the database client can select videos that match a viewer's criteria (e.g., action movies) and the application will display the relevant details.

In yet another embodiment, due to the exigencies of various set-top boxes, the blending of usage of in-band data delivery, such as, for example a data carousel, and out-of-band data delivery can be adjusted by configuration. Further, multiple algorithms for optimization may be used for package transfer over the network, such as via the in-band carousel, or out-of-band. Optimizations include XML compression to byte array or other format, WBXML binary compression and decompression, object serialization, and others.

As indicated above, AC 14 is, in one embodiment, a Java applet (.jar file) that gets loaded into memory when invoked by the subscriber, or is pre-loaded, or partially loaded, prior to invocation and brought to the foreground upon subscriber invokation. The AC 14 may be downloaded from a carousel as needed or it may reside in the set-top box flash, or DRAM memory. It is suggested, however, that the AC applet reside in memory for several reasons:

-   -   a Performance—AC applications will load much faster because the         AC applet does not need to be first downloaded from the         carousel.     -   b Stability—There is no risk of the AC applet being corrupted or         removed from the carousel if it is flashed to the set-top box,         or stored in memory.     -   c Access—The in memory AC applet can be launched directly from a         main menu of the iTV service with a configurable button.     -   d Memory usage—If the AC is flashed of the box then only a small         portion of the AC applet gets copied into the system heap, the         rest runs from flash memory.

When deployed to a set-top box 16, an AC 14 is configured to launch a “menu” application. The menu application can be any type of application (an overlay menu, a portal, a virtual channel, etc), and is the initial application that is accessed when entering a service offering of AC applications. The menu application can then contain links to other applications to enable navigation through an entire iTV service of applications.

An AC service is a system of various AC applications. The term “system of applications” is used because the AC applications are uniformly programmable. That is, they are defined with separate layout and data where one design template may take on many different data sets, or one data set may be used by multiple templates. One AC application may also contain multiple services. The packaging of services in to an application is highly dependent on the amount of available memory on the set-top box 16. Where less memory is available the AC application packages will have to smaller and thus contain fewer services. To add an AC application to the service, the author adds a loadapp( ) method somewhere in the menu application (or another application that is accessible from the menu). This effectively tells the AC 14 to switch applications. Because of limited resources at the set-top box 16, it is usually the case that only one AC application (APP.mac) and one data file (DATA.dat) can be loaded into memory at a time. In one embodiment, the optimizer 40 ensures that no single file can exceed 20 kB in size so as to stay within the set-top box memory limitations.

From the above, it should be clear that the present invention differs significantly from existing iTV technologies. For example, the present invention provides an application system abstraction that describes a common application framework for the definition and behavior of applications across multiple client device types and iTV operating environments. Stated differently, the present invention represents a unified TV application system for delivering multiple TV Services, such as IPGs, main or root TV menus, managed content services, virtual channels, VOD services, PVR applications, broadcast on demand services such as news, sports, entertainment, etc., on-demand, enhanced TV applications, as well as other TV applications such as email, chat, personals, and voice services.

The use of XML to describe application templates, dynamic data and business rules is different from approaches used with HTML or XHTML browsers. For example, HTML and XHTML implementations do not provide extensibility hooks. That is, these solutions cannot be adjusted to accomodate specific domain problems, such as those of a set-top box client. The present template syntax is quite different from XHTML because the domain it was designed to accomodate differs greatly from the domain of XHTML. Moreover, the present template syntax can be designed to permit more extensibility than XHTML permits, providing the flexibility to suit evolving requirements.

In addition to these template syntax distinctions, the present invention allows an effective separation of the presentation provided by templates from the data provided by XML data-files. The separation of data from presentation provides efficiencies on several levels, from authoring to performance on set-top boxes. Such a separation is aspired to in many HTML/XHTML paradigms, but not nearly so effectively as is provided in the present invention, where the data that the client consumes is an actual separate file from the template.

The present invention thus allows for the automation of many aspects of networked applications such as iTV applications. In various embodiments, the present invention can provide some or all of the following:

-   -   a Automation and optimization of content for a network         operator's specific set-top box and middleware combination,         ensuring that the highest level of performance is achieved         within the set-top box environment.     -   b Automated placement and targeting of offerings, promotions,         commerce opportunities and content in a unified manner across         all iTV services, according to multiple selection rules such as         location, current channel, current channel family, current         channel category, time-of-day, offering category, current         program, current program genre, current application, current         content type, and subscriber profile.     -   c Automated iTV ad campaign management at the set-top, insertion         and targeting, enabling network operators and advertisers to         easily incorporate text, graphics and video-based advertising         campaigns into on-demand services.

Thus systems and methods by which content and application developers are provided a common application framework that enables rapid development and deployment of iTV applications across a broad spectrum of iTV networks made up of differing head end and/or set top box systems, and automates the process of delivering iTV applications across such networks have been described. However, although the present invention has been discussed with respect to various illustrated embodiments, it should be measued only in terms of the claims, which follow the Appendices set forth below.

Appendix A—GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Applet—An applet is a small application. For example, a Java interactive animation applet could be included within a web page or television enhancement if the user platform includes a Java run-time engine. Java is a more powerful language than ECMAscript (JavaScript).

Application Program Interface (API)—An Application Program Interface is a set of programming tools that pre-define functions and routines affording convenience to developers by grouping common programming material into blocks.

Back Channel—A two-way data connection, typically via the Internet, from the user to the network or broadcaster originating a program. Since many forms of media are distributed using a one-way distribution method, the back channel is necessary to add transactional features or to provide access to interactive content not included in a data broadcast.

Broadband—A class of technologies that offer high-speed Internet access to homes and businesses. Digital subscriber line (DSL) and cable modems are typical broadband technologies.

Broadcasting—Historically, “broadcasting” referred to the activity of radio and television stations. As cable, satellite and the Internet have developed, it is often used to describe the simultaneous real-time distribution of any media from one source to many recipients, using any transport method.

Cache—Storage in memory or disk set aside for temporary storage of data in order to improve access speed. A cache can be used as a store for the most recently accessed data in cases where the user often returns to recently accessed content. A cache can also be used to store new data that the system anticipates the user will be accessing soon. Usually, the oldest content of a cache is deleted without knowledge of the user in order to make room for the new content.

CDN—A Content Delivery Network (CDN) provides fee-for-service delivery of streaming content via the Internet. The network consists of linked “edge” servers throughout the Internet that help reduce network congestion and server overload for content delivered to many users.

Codec—Data compressor-decompressor software that translates data files between compressed and uncompressed states.

Compression—Any technique that reduces the size of a file or the required bandwidth for transport of a signal. Compression can be lossless, whereby the decompressed version is absolutely identical to the original, or lossey, whereby the decompressed version is not identical and is either perceptually identical or impaired.

Conditional Access—Conditional Access systems restrict television program access to certain groups of users either because of concerns for privacy or the desire to collect revenue for the service. Providing conditional access requires secure encryption of the program content, secure decryption in a set-top-box for each viewer, and an embedded serial number that is registered in a central conditional access system database.

Cookie—A cookie is a small, personalized code placed on a computer's hard drive by a particular web site and accessed each time the user visit that site so that the user's (or computer's) identity and preferences can be recognized. This is how web sites welcome user's back by name, create a custom home page just for that user and place subsequent orders without asking for an ID each time.

Datacast—Delivery of program-related or non-program-related data files over a one-way broadcasting medium (like digital television). If communication is required from the viewer back to the broadcaster, an additional back channel is required.

DCT2000, DCT2500, DCT2600, DCT5000, etc.—Digital cable set-top boxes manufactured by Motorola that sometimes include both cable and telephone modems. Later models offer more advanced capabilities.

Deployment—A deployment is the distribution of a common platform and middleware to many users, typically controlled by a cable MSO. In the past, content often had to be re-authored for each deployment as common standards are not yet prevalent. The present invention seeks to address this problem.

Download—Transmission of a data file from a remote file server to a user.

Enhanced TV (ETV)—Enhanced TV may be regarded as any new service that cannot be delivered with just a regular TV. The industry seems to be using the term “Enhanced TV” to describe interactive content that is provided for specific television programs.

Enhancement—Data sent with the intent of adding value to the user beyond what is possible with the traditional television and channel-changing remote control. Enhancement data can be sent before, during or after the broadcast. Enhancements may enhance user learning or enjoyment, may extend the life of a broadcast or may make the experience more interactive by adding on-demand resources.

Electronic Program Guide (EPG)—An electronic program guide allows the user to scan available channel offerings and tune to current programs by using their remote control to point to specific program listings.

Explorer—The Scientific-Atlanta Explorer series of digital cable set-top boxes offer various levels of ETV functionality.

Head End—The facility in a cable system that aggregates the various signals that will be sent to all viewers in the cable system. As used herein, the term includes regional distribution centers.

HTML—Hypertext Markup Language is the standard page-description language used on the World Wide Web (www).

Input Device—Any piece of hardware used by a viewer to make choices or add content. Remote controls, mice, keyboards and digital cameras are examples of input devices.

Interactive TV (ITV)—A term used to describe ETV (interactive content provided in synchronism with specific television programs), IPGs, PVRs and Walled Gardens.

IPG—The term Interactive Program Guide suggests an EPG with more advanced features such as program searching by genre or title and one click VCR recording.

Java—Java is a platform-independent high-level programming language developed by Sun Microsystems of Mountain View, Calif. It is distinct from JavaScript, a web-browser scripting language.

JavaScript—JavaScript is an interpreted script language developed by Netscape of mountain View, Calif. for enhancing the look and functionality of web pages.

Metadata—A collection of descriptive attributes about an associated data asset. Typical attributes will provide information about the asset label, asset identifier, version number, rights, validation, data type, comments, and other pertinent asset elements.

Middleware—Middleware is a layer of software that runs on top of set-top box operating systems creating a consistent environment to run application software over a wide variety of set top boxes.

MPEG—The Moving Picture Experts Group, a working group of the International Standards Organization, has developed international standards (MPEG-1, MPEG-2, etc.) for compressed digital video and audio.

MSO—A Multiple System Operator is a company that owns multiple cable systems.

Operating System—The layer of software in a computer-based device that directly drives the computing hardware. The operating system manages memory, input and output devices, and computing resources. Middleware requires an underlying operating system in order to run on a set-top box.

Personal Video Recorder (PVR)—Devices that allow TV viewers to time shift, pause and fast forward (until real time) using hard-drive video storage. Some PVRs also provide an EPG to enable additional features tied to keywords and key programs in the TV schedule.

Platform—The term “platform” is used loosely within the industry to describe a particular set-top box including it's internal operating system, a certain kind of middleware, or some combination of the two.

Post Program Enhancements—Enhancements that are transmitted during a television program they are related to, but designed to be used interactively after the broadcast concludes. Also known as “Post-broadcast data” (as opposed to synchronous enhancements and walled garden enhancements).

Set Top Box—Any electronic device designed to be connected to a television receiver to provide additional channels or enhanced capabilities.

Streaming—Streaming involves sending video from a server to a client over a network in packets. At the receiving end, the packets are reassembled to play the video as it arrives. The video file is never actually downloaded since the packets are discarded after they have been decoded and viewed.

Synchronous Enhancements—Enhancements designed to appear at specific points in time during the television program.

Thick Client—The concept of robust computer processing power, storage, and memory within the end users set top box or personal computer client. Software application(s) can and usually reside at the users location.

Thin Client—The concept of minimizing required storage, memory and computing horsepower at the user location by performing computing and storing information in a central location, with connections for user input and display over a medium-speed network.

Transport—A transport is a unique means of media delivery. Each transport has a different combination of ownership and technical capability that determines what types of media are delivered.

Trigger—A message that arrives at a specific point in time during a broadcast, intended to activate specific enhanced content.

Virtual Machine—An operating environment working in conjunction with, yet independent of, a host operating system. Used in such applications as a middleware component of a set-top box, virtual machines accommodate proprietary philosophies of associated software and service vendors. Examples include HTML virtual machines, and the Java Virtual Machine.

VOD—Video On Demand refers to a technology that makes it possible for consumers to control the start of a viewed program. For example, by remote control a consumer might pick from an on-screen list of movies and start and pause the movie at his/her convenience.

Walled Garden—Content that is designed specifically to be available to some subset of users, and (often0 not generally available on the World Wide Web.

Walled Garden Enhancements—Interactive content that is designed without links to the World Wide Web and often optimized for TV viewing with larger fonts, television compliant colors, smaller pages and fewer links.

XML—The eXtensible Markup Language is a recommendation from the World Wide Web Consortium for a powerful language for the description of shared data. Whereas HTML is restricted to describing the format of transmitted data, XML allows transmitting the data in a format-independent manner so that the receiving computer can exert more control over the way in which the data is processed and presented.

Appendix B—AUTHORING SPECIFICATION

Part 1: Example of an XML Schema for Application Definition

Part 2: User's Guide

The following provides one embodiment of an instantiation of the above XML schema for application definition. It is written in the form of a User's Guide to be illustrative of an example implementation of an AC authoring environment. As used herein the acronym MAX is used to represent the XML authoring language for building applications targeted at the AC 14. In addition, the application client is sometimes referred to as a MAC (MetaTV Application Client).

1. MAX Authoring Guidelines: The following section outlines basic guidelines for well-formed MAX markup.

A. Authoring syntax conventions: Authoring in MAX requires that the following syntax guidelines be followed:

-   -   All MAX documents (templates and data files) must conform to         well-formed XML.     -   All MAX elements and properties are case sensitive. All element         names, property names, event handlers and methods must be all         lowercase.     -   All property values and event handler values must be enclosed in         double quotes: name=“value”, eventhandler=“string”     -   All MAX comments should be formatted like XML comments: <!- - MY         COMMENT HERE - ->     -   All MAX documents must include only one <mac> and one <page>         tag.     -   The top-level MAX template for an application must be named         index.xml     -   The top-level data file that is used by the applications top         most page must be called vc.dat.     -   Arguments defined in methods may be wrapped in single quotes,         but it is not necessary. It is necessary to use single quotes         around arguments when the argument is a text string.         -   set(@myText.text, ‘My New Text String’)     -   All references to a property value of an element should be         preceded with the ‘@’ symbol and appear in dot notation format:         @objectName.property         -   <var id=“start” type=“int”>@txt_story.startindex</var>     -   All references to an object located in another page should be         preceded with the ‘@’ symbol and appear in dot notation format:         @pageName.objectName.property         -   <page defaultfocus=“@menu_include.button_(—)1”>     -   Data references should take the following format:         $$dataTableName[rowNumber].columnName.         -   <text name=“weather_city”>$$weather[$index].city</text>.         -   The exception to this rule is for the datasrc property of a             <select> which takes the format: $$dataTableName.columnName.     -   Multiple methods can be executed from a single event handler.         Methods should be separated by a semicolon.         -   onclick=“set(@myText.text,‘Hello’);set(@myText.textcolor,‘grey’)”

B. Character Entities: Some embodiments of the application client require that certain characters be displayed by their HTML named entity in order to display properly. This is required for MAX markup, but not required for MAX data files. For example, to display an ampersand (&) in a text string that might appear on a button, the following would be valid:

-   -   <button name=“myBtn” x=“10” y=“10” width=“100” height=“25”>INFO         &amp; HELP</button>         Table B.2.1 below outlines the special characters and their         named entity string to be used.

TABLE B.2.1 Special Characters Named Entity Symbol Description &quot; “ Double quote, may be needed to escape the (“) in string literals &apos; ‘ Single quote, may be needed to escape the (‘) in string literals &amp; & Ampersand, always used to escape the (&) character literal &lt; < Less than, always used to escape the (<) character &gt; > Greater than, may be needed to escape the (>) character

C. Referencing Data: Referencing data contained in separate .dat files is accomplished through the following syntax:

-   -   $$dataTableName[rowNumber].columnName.         For example, to display a city name from a weather data table,         an $index variable could be defined and used to access that         particular row in the data table:     -   <text name=“weather_city”>$$weather[$index].city</text>         One exception to this format is the datasrc property of a         <select>, which uses the following syntax:     -   $$dataTableName.columnName.         For example, to display the entire list of all the weather         regions in the datatable, one would refer to the column called         region, and the value for region in each row of the datatable         would populate the <select>:     -   <select name=“weather_regions”>$$weathersegion</select>         It is important to note that only a selected few object         properties are capable of obtaining their value from a data         table. The following table B.2.2 outlines these objects and         their properties:

TABLE B.2.2 Objects and Properties Object Property Text text Image src Page background Select datasrc Vod( ) assetID Load( ) filename Var value

D. MAX Validation: MAX templates can be validated using the MAX XSD schema that is available at:

-   -   http://www.metatv.com/xml/ns/madmacjc_(—)1_(—)0.xsd         If you are author MAX applications with an XML editor that         provides validation capabilities, all that is necessary is to         include the following schema reference in your <mac> tag at the         beginning of each MAX document:     -   <mac         xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=“http://www.metatv.com/xml/ns/mac/macjc_(—)1_(—)0.xsd”>

2. Authoring Tips: The following section provides suggested approaches for authoring specific types of functionality or interfaces. It also covers some general concepts that are available to an application author for simplifying the authoring process and allowing for easier modifications in the future. Details on the specific tags and their attributes referenced in the examples below are set forth in the section entitled MAC XML Tag Library.

As a general principle, MAC XML authoring provides the author with the ability to maintain a considerable amount of application layout information in the form of element templates in a MAC config file. It is very similar to the concept of a cascading style sheet used in web applications.

A. Displaying text strings as an attribute of an element: MAC-XML primarily relies upon defining the properties for an element as attributes of the element tag in the standard name=value format. Most element tags are EMPTY and do not allow any information to appear between opening and closing tags. However, there are a few tags that typically have a text string or label associated with the element, like <button>, <text>, <checkbox> and <radio>. This text string attribute is specified in between the opening and closing tags.

-   -   Example: <button name=“myButton” textcolor=“#000000”>This is my         button</button>

B. Using the mac config file: A MAC application can have its own configuration file for establishing application wide attributes, templates, global variables and methods. The config file serves as a sort of style sheet, which lets the author specify things such as fonts, transition types, and events like onKey, which might be used by any or all pages in an application.

ELEMENT TEMPLATES: An element template is basically a single element definition that has specific attribute settings and is hidden from the application rendering. Any element in the markup that wishes to use some or all of the templates behaviors and attributes can point to the template through the template attribute. Detailed examples on how this can be accomplished can be found below in the section entitled Using Element Templates.

FONTS: Fonts should be defined within the config file and then referred to by individual elements in the application through the FONT attribute. For example, a typical font declaration in a config file might look like:

<font name=“myBoldFont” size=“20” bold=“true”/>

An element in the application markup that desires a 20-point, bold font would simply refer to this font through the FONT attribute of the element:

<button name=“myButton” font=“myBoldFont”/>

TRANSITIONS: Transitions are typically used to define an animation type for an element or group of elements. The transitions can be conveniently listed in the MAC config file for an application through the <transition> tag described below. For example, a transition declaration in the config file might look like:

<transition name=“movemenu” endx=“0” endy=“320” type=“out” interval=“20”/>

In the XML markup for the application, a group of buttons comprising a menu panel is created:

<group name=“menu” x=“0” y=“480”> <button name=“button1” /> <button name=“button2” /> <button name=“button3” /> </group>

Elsewhere in the XML markup, a button click fires an event to execute the movemenu transition upon the menu group by setting the value of the state attribute to play:

<button name=“showmenu” onClick=“setProperty(movemenu, state, ‘play’)”>Animate the menu</button>

GLOBAL VARIABLES: Global variables that might be used by the entire application should be defined in the MAC config file.

GLOBAL METHODS: Global methods that might be used by the entire application should be defined in the MAC config file.

C. Using element templates: Oftentimes an application will have multiple elements in an interface sharing many of the same properties such as font color or the number of pixels to offset. Each element that is authored in the XML markup can have all of its properties defined within its XML tag, but it may be simpler for the application author to define a template for a certain element type, typically in the MAC config file.

A template could be for any kind of visual element and should have its hidden attribute set to true so that the template itself is not visible. An example button template might look like this:

<button name=“templateButton” hidden=“true” font=“bold20” src=“button_off” srcfocus=“button_over” srcselected=“button_on” textcolor=“black” textcolorfocus=“white” textcolorselected=“yellow” /> The above example defines a graphical asset to be used for the three states, the text color for the three states, and the font template to be used by the button, ‘bold20’. This <font> might also be defined in the MAC config file as:

-   -   <font name=“bold20” size=“20” bold=“true”/>         Now, anywhere in the application markup, a <button> can be         defined and inherit all or some of the properties of the button         template, simply by specifying the template attribute of this         button:     -   <button name=“button_(—)1” template=“templateButton”>My button         using a template</button>         The application author could also only choose to use some of the         attributes of the button template, and easily override others.         The following example utilizes the same button template, but         overrides the textcolor settings:

<button name=“button_1” template=“templateButton” textcolor=“magenta” textcolorfocus=“pink” textcolorselected=“chartreuse”>My button using part of a template</button> Essentially, element templates are a very handy way of defining the appearance and properties of an object that is going to be reused numerous times in an application, similar to a style sheet. Ultimately it can save the application author time in editing markup during the development phase of an application, and enable application wide changes to be made in one place.

D. Creating text strings associated with elements: Most elements can have text strings displayed in association with them. These associated text strings can only be defined by specifying the string in between an element's opening and closing tags. This is the only valid attribute that can appear inside opening and closing element tags.

<button name=“myButton” font=“1”>My Button Text</button>

This label attribute could also be modified through a setText( ) method such as:

<button name=“myButton2” font=“1” onClick=“setText(myButton, ‘My new button text’)”>Change Label</button> The positioning of a text label with respect to its element can be pixel positioned using the textx and texty attributes of the element. These values are relative to the x:y coordinates of the actual element. For instance to position a button's text label 2 pixels from the top, left edge of the button you might do something like this:

  <button name=“myButton” font=“1” x=“10” y=“10” textx=“2” texty=“2”>My Button Text</button>

E. Z-ORDERING: MAC clients support Z-ordering of rendered elements on screen. It is advisable to control the z-ordering of elements by their physical location in the MAC-XML document. Those elements or groups that need to be rendered on top of other elements should appear later in the document. For example, a dialog type popup box can be created using the <group> tag and setting that group's visibility to be hidden. Upon a user action, the dialog can be made visible in a higher Z layer than the other elements on the screen such as some story text. In order to do so, it is important to declare the dialog <group> later in the document than other elements so that it can be presented above them when rendered. For example:

<mac version=“1.0”>   <page>     <text name=“story” width=“400” height=“240” />     <image name=“story_image” width=“40”     height=“40” x=“100” y=“100” /> <!-This group must appear after other elements in order to be rendered over them in a higher z-layer →     <group name=“dialog” x=“200” y=“200” size=“2”/>     <button src=“myButton” x=“10 y=“20”/>     <text name=“dialog_text” x=“5” y=“5”>This dialog appears     on top of the story text and image</text>     </group>   </page> </mac>

F. OVERRIDING DEFAULT NAVIGATION: MAC clients support the ability to override the navigation logic that is generated by the client for a given screen. If the application author wishes to assign specific navigation results to one of the four directional arrows on the remote, he/she can do so by using the (navleft, navright, navup; navdown) attributes. For example if a menu had 4 buttons and the fourth button is at the bottom of the screen, pressing the down arrow button on the remote will typically not move the focus anywhere because there are no focusable elements below it. However, if you wanted the user to be able to hit the down arrow and loop back up to the top of the button stack, this could be done. For example:

<button name=“button_1” x=“100” y=“100” src=“button_off.bmp” /> <button name=“button_2” x=“100” y=“150” src=“button_off.bmp” /> <button name=“button_3” x=“100” y=“200” src=“button_off.bmp” /> <button name=“button_4” x=“100” y=“250” src=“button_off.bmp” navdown=“button_1” />

G. Creating a dynamic paging control for multiple screens of content: Dynamic paging can be accomplished through the use of <button> elements associated with a content area which displays the text/images for which paging is desired. A paging control typically consists of a ‘page back’ and ‘page forward’ button, with some sort of text indicator of the current page the user is on, e.g., “page 2 of 5”.

The client is responsible for the following, which is transparent to the application author

-   -   a Maintaining the state of the pageable content, what page it is         on.     -   b Determining how much text can fit per screen in the allocated         content space.     -   c Determining the number of screens required to display all of         the content.     -   d Hiding and showing the paging controls when the content is at         the first or last page.     -   e Executing a setText( ) on the pagestatus indicator if one         exists after each paging event.

The following example highlights the following requirements for creating a paging control:

-   -   a The content to be paged must be wrapped in a <group> tag.     -   b The <group> tag must have its paging attribute set to true:         paging=“true”.     -   c The <group> tag must have three attributes (pagenext,         pageback, pagestatus) set to the name of the actual element         which will be displayed as the paging control element.         (pagestatus is optional).     -   d The <button> used for paging back is initially set to be         hidden (hidden=“true”) so that it is not displayed when the         screen first renders at the beginning of the paged content (i.e.         1 of x).     -   e The onClick event handler for both paging buttons calls the         setIndex( ) method on the <group> desired for paging.

<group name=“pagingGroup” paging=“true” pagenext=“buttonNext” pageback=“buttonBack” pagestatus=“pagingText”>   <text name=“storyText” x=“100” y=“20” width=“300”   height=“400”>%storyTextVar%</text>   <!- Paging Controls →   <button name=“buttonBack” x=“100” y=“440” hidden=“true”   onClick=“setIndex(−1)”>Back</button>   <text name=“pagingText” x=“230” y=“440”>%pageNum% of   %pageTotal%</text>   <button name=“buttonNext” x=“400” y=“440”   onClick=“setIndex(+1)”>Next</button> </group>

H. Making an image based ad selectable on AC: Some embodiments of the application client do not have a standard highlight selection box that wraps around selectable elements. Rather, the ability to focus to an element is created by either replacing the image source, or replacing any/all of the following attributes for the element: bgcolor, bordercolor, and/or textcolor. This works well for standard focusable elements like buttons and text that has a background area. An image based ad is a bit different in that you typically would not create a separate asset for its focused and selected state because of excessive use of bandwidth and custom design required for 3 variations on the same asset ad. However, the appearance of a highlight box around the ad image can be created using the border properties of the <ad> tag. By specifiying a border thickness, bordercolor, and bordercolorfocus, you can create the appearance of a colored selection box wrapped around the ad. This is the suggested method for creating a selectable ad in the AC environment. For Example:

  <ad campaign=“42” x=“250” y=“300” width=“200” height=“160” border=“3” bordercolor=“#000000” bordercolorfocus=“FFCC00” bordercolorselected=“#Fc093F” />

1. Making a text based ad selectable by clicking on a separate button: Text strings or text-based ads may often have a separate button or element that is responsible for handling the actions associated with the ad. For example, a text based ad may have a “GO” button next to it which executes the action that is actually associated with the ad campaign as it is referenced in the <ad> tag. What this means is that there needs to be a connection drawn between the <ad> itself and the <button> which exectutes the ad's action. This is accomplished through the linkelement attribute specified in the <ad> tag. Using this, the author can specify what element is responsible for executing the action associated with the ad. For example:

<button name=“adButton” x=“200” y=“300”>GO</button> <ad campaign=“42” x=“250” y=“300” width=“200” height=“16” linkelement=“adButton” />

J. Setting attribute values through the setproperty( ) method: MAC clients have a very basic subset of standard event handlers often found in scripting languages like JavaScript. Since the TV environment has a more limited set of behaviors, only a few event handlers are really needed. The available event handlers are defined with examples in a later section entitled Object Event Handlers. Through the use of event handlers such as onClick or onFocus, an application author can set the value for any property associated with any element. This is performed through the setProperty action which accepts 3 values for each property to set: element name, property, property value

Example 1: Changing the text color for a text region upon a button click:

<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” onClick=“setProperty(‘myText’, textcolor, ‘#FFCC00’)” /> <text name=“myText” x=“50” y=“50” textcolor=“#000000”>Hello World</text> Example 2: Event handlers also allow you to specify multiple setProperty events from a single action by separating them with a semicolon. Here we change the text color and the text label from one button click. Multiple actions from a single event handler occur in order, so in the example below, the text label will not change until the change of textcolor action has completed.

<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” onClick=“setProperty(‘myText’, textcolor, ‘#FFCC00’);setProperty(‘myText’,’label’,’This is my new text’)” /> <text name=“myText” x=“50” y=“50” textcolor=“#000000” />

3. MAX Client Tags: The following element tags can be used in MAX markup for use by the MAC client.

TABLE B.2.3 MAX Client Tags <ad> <image> <palette> <button> <include> <select> <color> <mac> <text> <datatable> <navmap> <navtemplate> <event> <navitem> <timer> <group> <page> <var>

<ad> The <ad> tag is used to indicate any image or text based advertisement. All scheduling information for ads is maintained in a separate location-list.xml file that is referenced via the required location property. All ad campaign information is maintained in a separate campaign-list.xml file, which is referenced via the location-list.xml file. Both files are generated by an Advertising Manager.

-   -   a Required properties: adtype, height, key, name, width, x, y,     -   b Optional properties: link, style, textcolor     -   c Used by: <page>     -   d Example: <ad name=“myAd” location=“4” x=“250” y=“300”         width=“200” height=“160” adtype=“image”/>

<button> The <button> tag is used to create selectable elements: text, image, image with text, or a hotspot selection box. <button> is the only element besides <text> that can have a text string or var reference in between its opening and closing tags. This is used to display the actual ‘text’ that is displayed for the button.

-   -   a BUTTON STATES: Buttons can be displayed in four different         states: idle, focused, selected, and disabled. The following         describes the various states and their usage.

TABLE B.2.4 Button States Button State Usage Idle The button when it is in an unselected, unfocused, idle state Focus The button when it has focus and can be clicked Selected The button immediately after it is clicked. This is also the state used to reflect the users current location in a menu of buttons. That is, the selected state indicates that a user is “in that section”. Disabled The button as it appears when disabled = ”true”. When disabled, the button can not be navigated to.

-   -   b DISPLAYING BUTTONS AS COLORED RECTANGLES: Buttons are         typically displayed as colored rectangles with text inside of         them. A button can be any size and any color that is specified         in palette.xml. Additionally, the four edges of the button can         also be customized. The edge colors and center color of a         <button> are defined inside of the <navtemplate> that is         referenced by the <button>.

<navtemplate name=“tt_idle” textcolor=“white” style=“4” color=“charcoal” topcolor=“grey” leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black” rightcolor=“black” /> <navtemplate name=“tt_foc” textcolor=“black” style=“3” color=“gold” topcolor=“grey” leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black” rightcolor=“black” /> <navtemplate name=“tt_sel” textcolor=“white” style=“3” color=“red” topcolor=“grey” leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black” rightcolor=“black” /> <button name=“tv” x=“556” y=“33” width=“48” height=“28” align=“center” valign=“middle” navtemplate=“tt_idle” navtemplatefocus=“tt_foc” navtemplateselected=“tt_sel” onclick=“loadapp(menu,index.xml)”>TV</button>

-   -   c DISPLAYING BUTTONS AS HOTSPOTS: A button can also be displayed         as a simple, rectangular hotspot around the outside edge of the         defined button width and height. For example, your application         could have an image burned background I-Frame, and you may want         your navigation item to be a yellow box that wraps around that         region of the I-Frame. To accomplish this, define a pixel value         for the hotspot property of your <button> tag. Then define         colors from your available colors in palette.xml, for both         hospotfocus and hotspotselected to change colors for the         different button states.

  <button name=“ad_btn” x=“59” y=“364” width=“176” height=“80” hotspot=“4” hotspotfocus=“gold” hotspotselected=“aqua” />

-   -   d Required properties: height, name, width, x, y     -   e Optional properties: align, bgcolor, disabled, hidden,         hotspot, hotspotfocus, hotspotselected, offsetx, offsety,         navtemplate, navtemplatedisabled, navtemplatefocus,         navtemplateselected, valign     -   f Event handler properties:onfocus, onblur, onclick     -   g Used by: <page>     -   h Example: The following <text> templates are defined at the         beginning of the document:

  <text name=“btn_focus” textcolor=“000000” style=“3” /> <text name=“btn_idle” textcolor=“FFFFFF” style=“5” /> <text name=“btn_select” textcolor=“CCCCCC” style=“3” /> The following is an example button using three different images to represent the three button states, and references to the above text templates for changing the color and style of the text in those states.

  <button name=“myButton” x=“100” y=“100” width=“136” height=“28” navtemplate=“btn_idle” navtemplatefocus=“btn_focus” navtemplateselected=“btn_select”> HELLO WORLD </button>

-   -   i Notes:         -   1 When using the built-in button assets, the suggested text             offset for left aligned text with a medium font is:             offsetx=“10”, offsety=“4”. This will neatly left-align your             text within the button.         -   2 When using the built-in button assets, do not use             different sizes across the different states for the button.             That is, if you use a large button for the idle state, you             must also use large buttons for focus and selected. The             button size can not change across states for a single             button.

<color> The <color> tag is used to define an individual color to be used within palette.xml. Each <color> tag must have a value defined, a 6-digit hexadecimal value for the color. An optional name attribute can also be used to more easily identify the color when maintaining the XML markup. A <palette> tag MUST contain exactly 16 <color> tags. Details on the format and requirements for the <palette> can be found in the <palette> section.

-   -   a Required properties: name, value     -   b Optional properties:     -   c Used by: <palette>     -   d Example: See example under <palette>

<datatable> The <datatable> tag is used to specify a data file and the data table within that file that is to be used by the MAX template. A single MAX template can contain multiple <datatable> tags, but all of those tags must refer to the same data src file. Therefore, a single MAX template may access multiple data tables, but all of those data tables must be contained in a single .dat file.

-   -   a Required properties: name, src     -   b Optional properties: table     -   c Used by: <mac>     -   d Example:         -   <datatable name=“categories” src=“package://movies.dat”/>

<event> The <event> tag is used to declare a global event for a given <page>. It is positioned outside of the <page> tag. It only supports one property, the onkey event handler which is used to define a behavior for a particular button on the remote for a given <page>. Refer to the onkey event handler and iskey( ) method for more details and examples.

-   -   a Optional properties: onkey     -   b Used by: <mac>     -   c Example:         -   <event onkey=“iskey(7);load(newPage.xml)”/>

<group> The <group> tag is a used to contain one or more objects. It is used for the following behaviors:

-   -   a Relative positioning of all elements in the group to the x:y         of the group. Makes for easier editing of templates when         building layouts of complex structures     -   b Animations: Grouping of one <image> tag whose src comes from a         data array of P-frame images so that a <timer> can be performed         against them, creating the appearance of an animated image     -   c Tickers: Grouping of non-focusable objects so that the         pagegroup( ) method can be performed against them, which updates         the contents of the objects from a datatable. This is typically         used for looping content tickers.     -   d Visibility toggling: Grouping of focusable and/or         non-focusable objects so that the entire group can be made         hidden or visible through a single set( ) method to modify the         hidden property of the group.     -   e Paging: Grouping of objects, where the pagegroup( ) method is         used and paging buttons are displayed to allow paging through         the datatable array by a defined amount.     -   f Required properties: height, name, width, x, y     -   g Optional properties: hidden, nextbutton, paging, prevbutton,         startindex     -   h Used by: <page>     -   i Example: See pagegroup( ) method for an example of <group>     -   j NOTE: Groups should be used only when necessary and minimally.         Excessive groups increase page drawing time and page complexity.

<image> The <image> object defines an image asset for rendering on screen. An <image> object is not focusable, so the <button> object should be used to create a selectable image component. An <image> can be either a foreground image (.bmp) or an MPEG image (.jpg or .bmp).

-   -   a Foreground Images:         -   1 Must be 4-bit .bmp files saved at 50% of their normal             width         -   2 Must have layer=“foreground” specified in the <image> tag         -   3 Must use only the colors defined in the palette.xml file         -   4 Can not be resized on the client, the width/height             properties should reflect the actual width/height of the             bitmap asset         -   5 Support the border and bordercolor properties         -   6 Can be included in a <group> and have a transition             performed against them         -   7 All built-in bitmaps are outlined in Appendix A: MAC-J             Built-In Bitmap Images     -   b MPEG Images:         -   1 Must have layer=“middle” specified if a resulting P-Frame             is desired.         -   2 Must have layer=“background” (which is the default if not             specified) if it is desired to have the image merged into             the background I-Frame and a new I-Frame created         -   3 Can be either .jpg and .gif format         -   4 Can include thousands of colors         -   5 Cannot be resized on the client. MAX markup should have             the desired display width and height specified so that the             image is sized accordingly before being merged into the             I-Frame or converted to P-Frame         -   6 No support for border and bordercolor properties     -   c Required properties: height, name, src, width, x, y     -   d Optional properties: bgcolor, hidden, layer     -   e Used by:<page>, <group>     -   f Example: The following, image will be converted to a unique         P-Frame by a Liberate Server:

<image name=“headerImage” src=“mpegs/topheader.jpg” layer=“middle” x=“20” y=“100” width=“200” height=“20” />

-   -   -   The following image will be converted to a foreground bitmap             by a Liberate Server:

  <image name=“headerImage” src=“mpegs/topheader.bmp” layer=“foreground” x=“20” y=“100” width=“200” height=“20” />

<include> The <include> tag references a separate MAX document to be included within the current document. This allows an application author to create a reusable module one time, and have it included in multiple templates that need the module. Effective use of included files helps to build an application that uses only the necessary run-time memory.

-   -   a Required properties: src     -   b Used by: <page>     -   c Example:         -   <include src=“navbar.xml”/>

<mac> The <mac> tag is a required, outermost container tag used to define the document type as being a MAC page.

-   -   a Example:         -   1 <mac>         -   2 <page background=“my_bg.jpg” defaultfocus=“button_(—)1”>         -   3 </page>         -   4 </mac>     -   b Note:         -   1 If you author AC applications with an XML editor that             provides validation capabilities, you may import the MAX XSD             schema to enable validation. Simply reference the schema in             your <mac> tag at the begining of each MAX document:

<mac xmlns:xsi=“http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance” xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=“http://www.metatv.com/xml/ns/mac/macjc_1_0.xsd” >

<navitem> The <navitem> tag is used on MAC-J to define the specific objects that can be navigated to from a defined object. It is typically used to override the auto generated navigation. The author defines a <navitem> and specifies the particular item through the object property using dot notation. The objects that can be navigated to from this object are defined using the navup, navdown, navleft, navright properties. The object property and the nav properties must be specified in the following format:

  object=″@pageName.objectName  navup=″@pageName.objectName

-   -   a Optional properties: navup, navdown, navleft, navright, object     -   b Used by: <navmap>     -   c Example:

  <navmap> <navitem name=“myNav” object=“@myPage.button1” navup=“@myPage.homeButton” navdown=“@myPage.button2” /> </navmap>

<navmap> The <navmap> tag is a wrapper tag that can contain any number of <navitem> tags.

-   -   a Used by: <mac>     -   b Example:

  <navmap> <navitem name=“myNav” object=“@myPage.button1” navup=“@myPage.homeButton”navdown=“@myPage.button2” /> </navmap>

<navtemplate> A <navtemplate> tag is used to define the colors and text styles for navigation components including <button> and <select>. Since <button> and <select> have various states: idle, focused, selected; a <navtemplate> is typically defined for each state and referenced via the appropriate <button> or <select> properties.

-   -   a Required properties: name     -   b Optional properties: color, bottomcolor, topcolor, leftcolor,         rightcolor, style, textcolor     -   c Used by: <page>     -   d Example:

<navtemplate name=“tt_idle” textcolor=“white” style=“4” color=“charcoal” topcolor=“grey” leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black” rightcolor= “black”/> <navtemplate name=“tt_foc” textcolor=“black” style=“3” color=“gold” topcolor=“grey” leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black” rightcolor=“black” /> <navtemplate name=“tt_sel” textcolor=“white” style=“3” color=“red” topcolor=“grey” leftcolor=“grey” bottomcolor=“black” rightcolor=“black” />

TABLE B.2.5 Font Styles Font Type Value Style Size 1 small 12 2 small, dropshadow 12 3 (DEFAULT) medium 16 4 medium, 16 dropshadow 5 large 18 6 large, dropshadow 18

-   -   e Notes: Avoid using any of the dropshadow styles when using         black or dark text. The dropshadow color is always black, and         dark text with a black dropshadow displays poorly on TV.

<page> The <page> tag is a required container object used to define all of the elements and layout for a single screen template. A <mac> document may only contain one set of <page></page> tags.

-   -   a Optional properties: background, bgcolor, defaultfocus, main,         selectedbutton     -   b Event handler properties: onload     -   c Used by: <mac>     -   d Example:     -   <page main=“true” background=“my_bg.jpg”         defaultfocus=“@myInclude.button_(—)1”>     -   e Notes:         -   1 The main property is a REQUIRED property for the outermost             shell page in a template or any page that is referred to via             a load( ) method from another page. That is, the included             files used by a file should not have the main property             specified, but the outermost page containing these includes             MUST have the main property set to ‘true’. This is required             for the creation of a logical navigation map where multiple             include files are being used in a template.     -   2 The defaultfocus property is a REQUIRED property for any         outermost shell page that is referred to via a load( ) method         from another page. Defaultfocus is not required in MAX documents         that are included files as they never get called directly via a         load( ) method.

<palette> The <palette> tag is used to define a 16-color palette that can be used by any object that appears in the foreground graphics layer including: bitmap/vq images, textcolors, background colors, button colors, and rects. Each application must have one defined palette containing exactly 16 color tags and this must reside in a file called palette.xml. The primary users of palette-defined colors are buttons and text colors, and application specific foreground .bmp files. As such, there are dedicated positions in the 16-color palette file that are reserved for specific objects, default colors.

-   -   a Positions 0-4 cannot be edited—they are reserved for default         colors, transparency, and are suggested colors for text, focus         buttons     -   b Positions 5-7 are reserved for weather icon backgrounds and         netop logos which are built into the client. These can be edited         to modify the colors of these assets to fit your application. If         you are not using weather icons or netop logos in your         application, these values can be used for other purposes if so         desired.     -   c Positions 8-15 are available for application specific needs         (other bitmaps, text colors, painting <rect> objects. They are         defaulted to the colors specified below. If you have a VQ image         or want to paint a certain color to the screen, these positions         would be a good place to specify.

TABLE B.2.6 Palette Values and Uses Palette Assigned Position Name Color Usage 0 transparent #000000 Transparency 1 black #121212 Text dropshadow, default bottom and right button edge, suggested dark text color 2 grey #999999 Defult top and left button edge, also used in weather icons 3 white #CCCCCC Suggested light text color, also used in weather icons 4 gold #B5971D Suggested focus button color, also used in weather icons 5 darkgreen #062F2D Weather icon bkg 6 logo_1 #BA252A Color 1 used in netop logo 7 logo_2 #8F2B2B Color 2 used in netop logo 8 orange #BF7639 9 light_red #97545B 10 blue #5755A2 11 light_blue #9DA6DF 12 turquoise #7CB0BD 13 medium_green #237746 14 light_green #7F9E4A 15 purple #5637AE

-   -   d Used by: <mac>     -   e Example: The following is the default palette that should be         used when starting to build any application. The following piece         of code could be copied into a file and named palette.xml. All         applications should start with this palette, and the author         should make edits to the colors as appropriate. For example, if         your application does not require a weather icons or the MSO         logo, then those palette positions can be edited and used for         other reasons.

<mac> <palette> <!-- DO NOT EDIT THESE FIVE COLOR VALUES -->   <color name=“transparent” value=“000000”/>  <color name=“black” value=“121212”/>   <color name=“grey” value=“999999”/>  <color name=“white” value=“CCCCCC”/>  <color name=“gold” value=“B5971D”/> <!- THESE COLORS ARE RESERVED FOR WEATHER AND LOGO ICONS, THEY MAY BE MODIFIED -->  <color name=“darkgreen ” value=“062F2D”/>  <color name=“logo_1” value=“BA252A”/>  <color name=“logo_2” value=“8F2B2B”/> <!- THESE ARE DEFAULT PALETTE COLORS AND MAY BE MODIFIED -->  <color name=“orange” value=“BF7639”/>  <color name=“light_red” value=“97545B ”/>  <color name=“blue” value=“5755A2”/>  <color name=“light_blue” value=“9DA6DF ”/>   <color name=“turquoise” value=“7CB0BD ”/>   <color name=“medium_green” value=“237746”/>   <color name=“light_green” value=“7F9E4A ”/>  <color name=“purple” value=“5637AE ”/> </palette> </mac>

<rect> The <rect> tag renders a rectangular shape on screen. It is often used to draw a rectangular region in a certain color for object backgrounds, or to create vertical/horizontal lines. The color property of a <rect> must be specified in palette.xml as a rect shares the same 16-color palette as bitmap images and text.

-   -   a Required properties: height, width, x, y     -   b Optional properties: border, bordercolor, color, hidden, name,         round, xradius, yradius     -   c Used by: <page>, <group>     -   d Example:

<rect name=“myRect” width=“30” height=“15” x=“20” y=“200” color=“000000” round=“true” xradius=“10” yradius=“10” />

-   -   e Notes: The <rect> tag can be effectively used to draw a         horizontal line, similar to the <HR> tag in html. It is advised         to use a 2 pixel minimum height for a horizontal line <rect> due         to TV interlacing.

<select> The <select> object is a complex navigation structure that can be used to display an array of items in a confined space. The behavior of a select is to display as many options as will visibly fit in the allocated space, and provide a scrolling mechanism to navigate through the remainder of the list. A select can only display a list of text items which must be defined in a separate datatable and referred to via the required datasrc property of the select. A few of the major advantages of using the <select> control are:

-   -   1 Allows the user to easily scroll through a long list of items         without requiring multiple screens of content     -   2 Allows for creation of navigation menus where there are more         items than can fit in a given space.     -   a Required properties: datasrc, height, hlheight, hlwidth, name,         width, x, y     -   b Optional properties: align, bgcolor, disabled, displayindex,         hidden, index, maxcount, morenext, moreprev, optionpad, plane,         startindex, navtemplate, navtemplatefocus, navtemplateselected,         valign     -   c Event handler properties: onfocus, onblur, onclick,         onfocusoption     -   d Used by: <page>     -   e EXAMPLE: The following select list is used to display weather         cities. It will display three options at any one time because         the height of the entire select is 100 pixels and medium text         size is about 25 pixels high. The select is dynamically         populated by whatever the values are defined in the $$weather         data tables list of cities.

<select name=“weathercity” plane=“vertical” x=“100” y=“20” height=“75” width=“200” hlheight=“25” hlwidth=“200” maxcount=“3” navtemplate=“txt_idle” navtemplatefocus=“txt_focus” navtemplateselected=“txt selected datasrc=“$$weather.city />

<text> A <text> tag specifies a location and region on screen for displaying text. The appearance of text is determined by the style and textcolor properties. Text supports multiline display, which is determined by the amount of text populating the object and the height specified for the object. If the height supports multiple lines of text, then the populating text will wrap at the specified width. Typically, a single line of medium sized text requires a minimum height of 20 pixels. The <text> object also supports paging across multiple screens.

-   -   a Required properties: height, name, width, x, y     -   b Optional properties: align, avoid, bgcolor, border,         bordercolor, ellipsis, hidden, nextbutton, offsetx, offsety,         paging, padding, prevbutton, prevpage, textcolor, startindex,         style, valign     -   c Inline formatting tags: The <text> tag supports two specific         empty tags that can be used for formatting text with explicit         line breaks. These can be included directly in MAX markup or         within .dat files that are referenced by <text> objects.         -   1 <br/>: Inserts a single line break         -   2 <p/>: Inserts a two-line, line break             -   i NOTE: Avoid using carriage returns when authoring a                 text value for a text object. Use the <br/> tag if you                 desire an explicit line break.     -   d Used by: <page>, <group>     -   e Example:

<text name=“myText” x=“10” y=“10” width=“100” height=“100” style=“3”>Thank you for your order.<br/>You will receive it in 2 weeks. </text>

-   -   f NOTES:         -   1 Avoid using any of the dropshadow styles when using black             text. The dropshadow color is always black, and black text             with a black dropshadow displays poorly on TV.         -   2 If there is more content than can fit within the defined             area for the <text>, the text content will be truncated so             that it does not exceed the defined area. In order to             display more text than may be appearing, it would be             necessary to increase the height and/or width of your text             object to allow more lines of text to fit in the allocated             space.

<timer> The <timer> object allows the application to run a series of specified actions at a specified rate or period. A <timer> can only be started using the start( ) method, and stopped using the stop( ) method.

-   -   a Required properties: name, period     -   b Optional properties: loop     -   c Event handler properties: ontimer     -   d Used by: <mac>     -   e Example: The following example uses a <timer> to create the         functionality of a headlines ticker which shows a new headline         every 5 seconds. Each time the ontimer event is fired it makes         uses the page( ) method to increment the counter.

<var id=“counter” type=“int”>0</var> <timer name=“tickerTimer” period=“5000” ontimer=“pagegroup(headline, $counter, headlineData)” /> <page main=“true” onload=“start(tickerTimer)”> <group name=“headline” x=“100” y=“100”> <text name=“myHeadline” x=“32” y=“44” width=“100” height=“50” font=“myFont” style=“4”></text> </group>

<var> A <var> tag declares a variable to be used across the entire application, as all variables are global to an application. Variables are often used to store property values so that they may be passed from one template to another when properties need to be set on the target page by the referring page. <var> tags must be defined outside of the <page> tag.

-   -   a Required properties: id, type     -   b Used by: <mac>     -   c Example 1: Simple variable declaration         -   <var id=“myVar” type=“int”></var>     -   d Example 2: Variable declaration with optional initialization         for vars of type ‘int’         -   <var id=“myVar” type=“int”>0</var>     -   e Example 3: Variable declaration with separate initialization         via set( ) for vars of type ‘string’. In order to initialize a         var of type ‘string’ the set( ) method must be used in addition         to the <var> declaration to set the var to an initial value.         -   <var id=“myVar” type=“string”></var>         -   <page onload=“set($myVar, ‘Hello World’, string)”>     -   f Example 4: Variable declaration with separate initialization         via set( ) for vars specified in a datatable. In order to         initialize a var of type ‘string’ the set( ) method must be used         in addition to the <var> declaration to set the var to an         initial value.         -   <var id=“myVar” type=“string”></var>         -   <page onload=“set($myVar, $$myDataTable[0].headline,             string)”>     -   g Example 5: Variable Referencing. Vars are referenced with a         $[varName] format.         -   <text name=“header” x=“20” y=“20” width=“200”             height=“20”>$myVar</text>     -   h NOTE: The use of vars should be kept at a minimum to reduce         variable object creation in client memory. It is advisable to         reuse vars throughout the application if possible. For example,         a variable used as a counter on various screens could be shared,         since the counter will only be used for one screen at a given         time.

<video> The <video> tag defines a region on the screen to display a scaled video feed of the broadcast channel. It is advised that the <video> object be sized at a width:height aspect ratio of 4:3. This feature is NOT supported on MAC-J Moto because the DCT set-top does not support video scaling. Only one <video> object per page is allowed.

-   -   a Required properties: height, width, x, y     -   b Optional properties: channel     -   c Used by: <page>     -   d Example:         -   <video x=“0” y=“0” width=“320” height=“240” channel=“2”/>

4. Additional Client Tags

<arc> The <arc> tag renders an arc on screen. The (x1,y1)-(x2,y2) rectangle created defines the boundaries of the arc.

-   -   a Properties: bevel, border, bordercolor, color, hidden, name,         startangle, endangle, x1, x2, y1, y2, zorder     -   b Used by: <page>, <group>     -   c Example:

<arc name=“myArc” startangle=“10” endangle=“10” x1=“20” y1=“20” x2=“100” y2=“100”/>

<audio> The <audio> object activates an audio file for playing. It can be autoloaded via the onLoad method for a given <page> object or by setting the state attribute to “play”. It can also be activated upon request (e.g. button onClick event), and looped or played only once.

-   -   a Properties: cache, loop, name, src, state     -   b methods: onKey     -   c Used by: <mac>     -   d EXAMPLE:         -   <audio name=“audio_(—)1” src=“audio1.mpg” loop=“true”/>     -   e EVENT ACTIONS:         -   1 If any audio asset on the current <page> has its STATE             attribute set to “play” then the following will work:         -   2 onKey(volumeUp)=setProperty(audio, volume, “up”):             Increases the volume of the audio asset     -   3 onKey(volumeDown)=setProperty(audio, volume, “down”):         Decreases the volume of the audio asset         -   4 Otherwise the same onKey events will control the volume of             the TV object if it is included in the application.

<Ellipse> The <ellipse> tag renders an elliptical primitive on screen.

-   -   a Properties: bevel, border, bordercolor, color, height, hidden,         name, width, x, y, xradius, yradius, zorder     -   b Used by: <page>, <group>     -   c Example:

<ellipse name=“myEllipse” width=“30” height=“15” x=“20” y=“200” xradius=“10” yradius=“1” />

<Font> The <font> tag is used to declare a particular font and its appearance for use by any element in the application. <font> templates are typically defined in a MAC application config file and referred to by the FONT attribute for a particular element. If a config file is not used, the <font> should be defined outside of the <page> declaration.

-   -   a Properties: bold, cache, dropshadow, italic, name, size, src     -   b Used by: <mac>     -   c EXAMPLE:         -   1 Fonts should be defined within the config file and then             referred to by individual elements in the application             through the FONT attribute. For example, a typical font             declaration in a config file might look like:             -   <font name=“myBoldFont” size=“20” style=“bold”/>         -   2 An element in the application markup that desires a 20             point, bold font would simply refer to this font through the             FONT attribute of the element:             -   <button name=“myButton” font=“myBoldFont”/>     -   d PLATFORM DETAILS: Some embodiments of the application client         support only a limited number of font options, therefore those         fonts are built into the client and can simply be referred to by         their name. As a result, there is no need to declare a         particular <font> for your application, simply have the element         requiring a certain font type refer to its predefined name from         the table below.

TABLE B.2.7 Font Types Font Name Style Size Notes small regular 12 Difficult to read on TV medium regular 16 Default font large regular 18 Good for large text/headlines small_bold bold 12 Not advisable on some set-tops, text runs together. medium_bold bold 16 Default font large_bold bold 18 Appears very strong on some set-tops small_dropshadow dropshadow 12 Too difficult to read on some set-tops medium_dropshadow dropshadow 16 Most practical font for dropshadow text on many platforms large_dropshadow dropshadow 18

<form> The <form> tag is used to collect the values of a selected number of form elements so that their values can be submitted to a form target. A <form> can only contain <param> tags that are references to the desired elements in the markup whose values you wish to collect for the form submission. By separating the form from the elements that the form wishes to reference, it is possible to have multiple forms referencing a single element if so desired.

-   -   a Properties: name, method, target     -   b Methods: submit( )     -   c Used by: <page>     -   d EXAMPLE:

<form name=“entryForm” target=“processForm” method=“POST”>   <param idref=“checkbox1” />   <param idref=“checkbox2” />   <param idref=“zipcode” /> </form>

<Hidden> The <hidden> tag is a form element that has no visible features. It is used to handle extra data required by a form POST or GET.

-   -   a Properties: name, value     -   b Used by: <page>     -   c EXAMPLE:

<form name=“entryForm” target=“processForm”>   <textinput name=“zipcode”/>   <hidden name=“region” value=“West”>   <button name=“button1” src=“button.bmp”   onClick=“send(entryForm)”/> </form>

<hotspot> The <hotspot> tag is used to create a rectangular selection box on screen. This tag is not supported by some embodiments of the application client.

-   -   a Properties: disabled, height, hidden, name, navup, navdown,         navleft, navright, width, x, y, zorder     -   b Methods: onFocus, onBlur, onClick     -   c Used by: <page>     -   d EXAMPLE:     -   <hotspot x=“5” y=“5” width=“100” height=“20”/>

<line> The <line> tag renders a line primitive on screen.

-   -   a Properties: color, hidden, name, width, x1, x2, y1, y2, zorder     -   b Used by: <page>, <group>     -   c Example:

<arc name=“myArc” startangle=“10” endangle=“10” x1=“20” y1=“20” x2=“100” y2=“100”/>

<option> The <option> tag is used to declare an individual option for a <select>, which can contain unlimited options. If the option is text, then the text string (label) should be wrapped within the <option> tag as in example 1 above. If the option includes additional elements or other elements entirely, then those tags must be specified within the opening and closing <option> tags.

-   -   a Properties: None     -   b Used by: <form>     -   c EXAMPLE: The following example illustrates a vertical select         list that includes checkboxes and text strings in each option,         allowing the author the select type navigation for making         multiple selections using checkboxes. The x:y positions for the         nested <checkbox> and <text> tags are relative positions to the         top, left pixel of the option rectangle which is determined by         the <select> layout.

<select name=“myChecklist” focustype“movable” plane=“vertical” x=“100” y=“20” rows=“3”>  <option>   <checkbox name=“check1” x=“2 y=“2” />   <text name=“option1” x=“20” y=“2” />  </option>  <option>   <checkbox name=“check2” x=“2 y=“2” />   <text name=“option2” x=“20” y=“2” />  </option>  <option>   <checkbox name=“check2” x=“2 y=“2” />   <text name=“option2” x=“20” y=“2” />  </option> </select>

<param> The <param> tag is used to reference or point to another element in the markup for a single <page>, in order to collect the element's value for submission to a form target.

-   -   a Properties: idref     -   b Methods: submit( )

Used by: <form>

-   -   a EXAMPLE:

 <form name=“entryForm” target=“processForm” method=“POST”>   <param idref=“checkbox1” />   <param idref=“checkbox2” />   <param idref=“zipcode” /> </form>

<select> The <select> object is a complex navigation structure that can be used to display a list of <option> objects (text or images) within a confined space. The advantage of the <select> is that there can be an unlimited number of <option> objects available, but the interface only displays a few of them at any one time, allowing the user to scroll through them.

Behavior:

-   -   1 Plane: A <select> can take three forms in its plane         representation: vertical, horizontal, or both. The vertical form         of the <select> is similar to a typical HTML select object. Once         the <select> receives focus, the user can navigate up and down         to view all of the options within the array. The horizontal form         behaves the same way except the options are presented         horizontally and the user navigates left to right to see more         options in the list.     -   2 Focustype: A <select> can take two forms in navigation         behavior (moveable or fixed) through the fixed property. By         default, a <select> uses movable focus allowing the user to         actually move the focus up/down, or left/right over the viewable         options. If the user gets to the last viewable option at either         end of the <select> (e.g., sub item number seven), but there are         still additional options that are not currently viewable (e.g.,         sub item number eight, etc . . . ), then the options behind the         focus and in the entire list continue to change until the user         reaches the last option in the array. This behavior is akin to a         typical HTML select control.     -   3 In order to create a <select> with a fixed area of focus, the         author must set the fixed attribute to true (e.g., <select         fixed=“true”>. This automatically positions the focus area to         the middle option in the list, when the user navigates to the         <select>. Navigating up/down, left/right does not move the focus         box as it is anchored, but rather rewrites the options in the         viewable array so that the user may move the options in and out         of the single, fixed focus window. By design, fixed focus select         lists will loop through the available options, therefore never         revealing any empty options as the user continues to navigate in         one single direction through the <select>.     -   a Properties: bgcolor, border, bordercolor, cols, disabled,         optioncolor, optioncolorfocus, optioncolorselected, optionpad,         overlay, overselector, fixed, font, height, hidden, textcolor,         textcolorfocus, textcolorselected, name, navup, navdown,         navleft, navright, plane, rows, template, underselector, width,         x, y, xpad, ypad, zorder     -   b Methods: onSelectFocus, onSelectBlur, onSelectClick,         onSelectEnd, onEnd, onBegin     -   c Used by: <page>, <group>     -   d EXAMPLE: The following is an example of defining a horizontal         <select> using a fixed focustype that displays 3 items in its         interface. There are a total of 5 text items (options) that can         be viewed in the select list by navigating left and right with         the remote.

 <select name=“mainmenu” fixed=“true” plane=“horizontal” x=“100”  y=“20”cols=“3” optioncolorfocus=“#FFCC00”  textcolorfocus=“FFFFFF” optioncolorselected=“#000000”  textcolorselected=“#CCCCCC”>  <option>   <text name=“option1”>Item 1</text>  </option>  <option>   <text name=“option2”>Item 2</text>  </option>  <option>   <text name=“option3”>Item 3</text>  </option>  <option>   <text name=“option4”>Item 4</text>  </option>  <option>   <text name=“option5”>Item 5</text>  </option> </select>

-   -    The following is an example of defining a vertical <select>         using a movable focustype that displays 3 items in its         interface. There are a total of 5 items (options) that can be         viewed in the select list by navigating up and down with the         remote.

 <select name=“mainmenu” plane=“vertical” x=“100” y=“20”  rows=“3”>  <option>   <image src=“icon_a.bmp” />  </option>  <option>   <image src=“icon_b.bmp” />  </option>  <option>   <image src=“icon_c.bmp” />  </option>  <option>   <image src=“icon_d.bmp” />  </option>  <option>   <image src=“icon_e.bmp” />  </option> </select>

<textInput> A <textinput> object is a single-line region that accepts user text input via remote or keyboard. A <textinput> can support multiple lines of text input by specifying the multiline attribute. The <textinput> can have three states: idle, focused, and selected (once it is clicked). To indicate the different states, the application author can set bordercolor and bgcolor values for the states.

-   -   a Properties: bgcolor, bgcolorfocus, bgcolorselected, border,         bordercolor, bordercolorfocus, bordercolorselected, cursorcolor,         disabled, font, height, hidden, textcolor, maxlength, multiline,         name, navup, navdown, navleft, navright, password, template,         width, x, y, zorder     -   b Methods: onFocus, onBlur, onClick     -   c Used by: <page>, <group>     -   d EXAMPLE:

<text name=“ziptext” x=“10” y=“44”>Enter your zip:</text> <textinput name=“zipcode” x=“32” y=“44” maxlength=“5” border=“1” bgcolor=“#000000” border=“#FFFFFF” bgcolorfocus=“#CCCCCC” bordercolorfocus=“#FFCC00” />

<transition> A transition is a process that is triggered by an action on a specified target object or group of objects. It moves the target object from its starting position to the new position specified by the <transition> tag.

-   -   a Properties: clipx1, clipx2, clipy1, clipy2, duration,         interval, endx, endy, name, state, type     -   b Methods: onFinish     -   c Used by: <page>     -   d EXAMPLE: The following transition would be defined, ideally in         the MAC.config file, for use by an element or group of elements.         -   <transition name=“movemenu” endx=“0” endy=“320” type=“out”             interval=“20”/>         -   In the XML markup for the application, a group of buttons             comprising a menu panel is created:

<group name=“menu” x=“0” y=“480”>   <button name=“button1” />   <button name=“button2” /> </group>

-   -   -   Elsewhere in the XML markup, a button click fires an event             to execute the movemenu transition upon the menu group by             setting the value of the state attribute to play:

<button name=“showmenu” onClick=“setProperty(movemenu, state, ‘play’)”>Animate the menu</button>

5. Object Properties

Adtype: Indicates the type of ad to be displayed by the ad object: text, image or bitmap.

-   -   1 EXAMPLE: adtype=“text”     -   2 VALUE: String: text|image|bitmap     -   3 DEFAULT: None

Align: Sets the horizontal alignment of text for a <text> object, <button> object, and within the options of a <select>.

-   -   1 EXAMPLE: align=“center”     -   2 VALUE: String: left|center|right     -   3 DEFAULT: left

Avoid: The name of the object that should be avoided when displaying <text> that may overlap or run into that object. It is often used to control text wrapping around an image.

-   -   1 EXAMPLE: avoid=“storyImage”     -   2 VALUE: String     -   3 DEFAULT: None

Background: The asset or video channel to display as the page background. A background can either be a graphic asset (.gif or .jpg) or a TV video channel.

-   -   1 To display an image (.gif or .jpg) located in a directory         within the same MAC channel as the referring template:     -   2 background=“my_bkg.jpg”     -   3 To display an image (.gif or .jpg) located in a directory         within a different MAC channel as the referring template:     -   4 background=“../otherChannelName/my_bkg.jpg”     -   5 To display an image (.gif or .jpg) located in a datatable         within the same MAC channel as the referring template:     -   6 <datatable name=“newsdata” src=“package://news.dat”/>     -   7 <page main=“true” background=“$$newsData[0].image”>     -   8 To display the previously tuned video channel as the         background, use the tv: protocol:         -   background=“tv:”     -   9 To display a specific channel as the background video channel,         include a channel paramater with the tv: protocol:         -   background=“tv:36”     -   10 NOTE: When using a background image or tv video for a page,         do not also specify a bgcolor for the page. Bgcolor should only         be used if no background image or tv video is desired, as         bgcolor will be displayed and the background image/video will         not.     -   11 EXAMPLE: background=“bg_home.jpg”     -   12 VALUE: String     -   13 DEFAULT: None

Bgcolor

-   -   1 Background color of the element.     -   2 EXAMPLE: bgcolor=“black”     -   3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as         specified in palette.xml     -   4 DEFAULT: transparent (000000)

Border

-   -   1 Pixel thickness of a border drawn around the element.     -   2 EXAMPLE: border=“1”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

Bordercolor

-   -   1 Color of the element's border.     -   2 EXAMPLE: bordercolor=“black”     -   3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as         specified in palette.xml     -   4 DEFAULT: black (121212)

Bottomcolor

-   -   1 The color used for the bottom edge of a button object.     -   2 EXAMPLE: bottomcolor=“grey”     -   3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as         specified in palette.xml     -   4 DEFAULT: transparent (000000)

Hotspot

-   -   1 Pixel thickness of a border drawn along the inside edge of a         <button> to indicate focus and selection when a hotspot type of         selection box is desired. By default, hotspots will not be         rendered since the default size is 0. If a hotspot is desired,         the suggested size is 4 pixels.     -   2 EXAMPLE: hotspot=“4”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

Hotspotfocus

-   -   1 Color of the hotspot to be drawn around the defined area of a         <button> when the button receives focus.     -   2 EXAMPLE: hotspotfocus=“gold”     -   3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as         specified in palette.xml     -   4 DEFAULT: gold (B5971D)

Hotspotselected

-   -   1 Color of the hotspot to be drawn around the defined area of a         <button> when the button is selected.     -   2 EXAMPLE: hotspotselected=“grey”     -   3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as         specified in palette.xml     -   4 DEFAULT: grey (999999)

Channel

-   -   1 The number of the channel to display in the scaled <video>         window.     -   2 EXAMPLE: channel=“4”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Color

-   -   1 When used with <rect> or <button> it is the fill color to use.     -   2 EXAMPLE: color=“black”     -   3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as         specified in palette.xml     -   4 DEFAULT: black (121212)

Datasrc

-   -   1 The name of the datatable and data column within that table         that should be used to dynamically populate the options in a         select list. This must be formatted using the same syntax used         to refer to data pieces elsewhere. The format follows:         $$tableName[rowNumber].columnName.     -   2 When using datasrc, the rowNumber is omitted and the format is         simply: $$tableName.columnName     -   3 EXAMPLE: datasrc=“$$weather.city”     -   4 VALUE: String     -   5 DEFAULT: None

Defaultfocus

-   -   1 The name of the <button> or other focusable element that         receives default focus when the page loads. This is only         required in the outermost, main page and should not be specified         in pages that are includes, unless those includes are called         directly from a load( ) method.     -   2 To reference an object within the current page document, only         the object name needs to be specified.     -   3 EXAMPLE: <page main=“true” defaultfocus=“go_button”>     -   4 To reference an object within an included file, the included         page name followed by the object name must be specified.     -   5 EXAMPLE: <page main=“true”         defaultfocus=“@story_include.next_button”>     -   6 VALUE: String     -   7 DEFAULT: None

Disabled

-   -   1 Determines whether the element can be navigated to or not. An         element may be disabled if other parameters need to be met in         order to access the element. It is often used to make the         downstate of a button in a navigation menu unselectable since it         is the current location.     -   2 EXAMPLE: disabled=“true”     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: False

Displayindex

-   -   1 Defines which position in a <select> should receive initial         focus when the user navigates to the select list.     -   2 EXAMPLE: displayindex=“2”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

Ellipsis

-   -   1 Appends an ellipsis ‘ . . . ’ to the end of the text string         displayed in a <text>, when the text string exceeds the         available space allocated in the <text>     -   2 EXAMPLE: ellipsis=“true”     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: false

Height

-   -   1 Height (in pixels) of the element.     -   2 EXAMPLE: height=“22”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Hidden

-   -   1 Sets the visibility property of the element. All elements are         visible by default.     -   2 EXAMPLE: hidden=“true”     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: False

Hlheight

-   -   1 The height of the highlight bar that is used in a <select> on         MAC-J.     -   2 EXAMPLE: hlheight=“25”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

Hlwidth

-   -   1 The width of the highlight bar that is used in a <select> on         MAC-J.     -   2 EXAMPLE: hlwidth=“200”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

Id

-   -   1 The name of the declared <var>     -   2 EXAMPLE: <var id=“myVar”>     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Index

-   -   1 When used with <select>:     -   2 The index value of the option in the array of options for a         <select>. It is used to store the index value of the option         which currently has focus. This value is automatically updated         as the user navigates through the select.     -   3 EXAMPLE: index=“4”     -   4 VALUE: Integer     -   5 DEFAULT: None

Key

-   -   1 The reference to the ad schedule entry in the         location-list.xml file generated by Ad Server.     -   2 EXAMPLE: .key=“42”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Layer

-   -   1 The layer property indicates how the <image> should be         rendered on the client. All images are defaulted to be merged         into their background I-Frame. When layer=“middle” the image         will be rendered as a P-Frame by the Liberate Server. When         layer=“foreground” the .bmp image will be converted to a VQ         bitmap for display in the 16 color foreground layer with         <button> assets and text objects.     -   2 EXAMPLE: layer=“middle”     -   3 VALUE: String: background|middle|foreground     -   4 DEFAULT: background

Leftcolor

-   -   1 The color used for the left edge of a button object.     -   2 EXAMPLE: leftcolor=“grey”     -   3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as         specified in palette.xml     -   4 DEFAULT: transparent (000000)

Link

-   -   1 The element that is responsible for executing the action         defined for an <ad>. An example of this would be having a         separate <button> responsible for executing the action related         to a text based <ad> which is not itself selectable.     -   2 EXAMPLE: link=“goButton”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Loop

-   -   1 Executes the ontimer events for a <timer> the specified number         of times. By default, the loop property is set to 0, which means         it will loop indefinitely.     -   2 EXAMPLE: loop=“3”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

Main

-   -   1 Indicates whether a <page> is a wrapper template and has the         ability to refer to included files via the <include> tag.     -   2 EXAMPLE: main=“true”     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: False

Maxcount

-   -   1 The maximum number of options to display in a <select>.     -   2 EXAMPLE: maxcount=“3”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Morenext

-   -   1 The name of the object to hide if there are no more options         off of the visible bottom or right-hand side of the <select>         list. This object is visible as long as there are more options         available that are not currently appearing on screen in the         <select>. On some AC platforms, it may be more efficient to use         of one of the built-in DCT special characters to display a text         character solid arrow to indicate scroll direction. Using a vq         image will require more memory and load latency.     -   2 EXAMPLE: morenext=“forward_arrow”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Moreprev

-   -   1 The name of the object to hide if there are no more options         off of the visible top or left-hand side of the <select> list.         This object is visible as long as there are more options         available that are not currently appearing on screen in the         <select>. On some AC platforms, it may be more efficient to use         of one of the built-in DCT special characters to display a text         character solid arrow to indicate scroll direction. Using a vq         image will require more memory and load latency.     -   2 EXAMPLE: moreprev=“back_arrow”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Name

-   -   1 The identifier associated with the element. Each object within         a single page must have a unique name.     -   2 When used with the <datatable> tag, it is the name of the         datatable that is being referenced with the specified .dat file.     -   3 EXAMPLE: name=“head_txt”     -   4 VALUE: String     -   5 DEFAULT: None

Navleft

-   -   1 The identifier of the page and element on that page that         should be given focus when the user selects the LEFT directional         arrow on either the remote or keyboard. This is an optional         attribute that is only used when the application author needs to         specifically override the focus management for a given screen as         generated by the auto navigator in the client. The format for         this attribute is in dot notation: @pageName.objectName     -   2 EXAMPLE: navleft=“@myPage.button1”     -   3 VALUE: string     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Navright

-   -   1 The identifier of the element that should be given focus when         the user selects the RIGHT directional arrow on either the         remote or keyboard. This is an optional attribute that is only         used when the application author needs to specifically override         the focus management for a given screen as generated by the auto         navigator in the client. The format for this attribute is in dot         notation: @pageName.objectName     -   2 EXAMPLE: navright=“@myPage.button1”     -   3 VALUE: string     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Navup

-   -   1 The identifier of the element that should be given focus when         the user selects the UP directional arrow on either the remote         or keyboard. This is an optional attribute that is only used         when the application author needs to specifically override the         focus management for a given screen as generated by the auto         navigator in the client. The format for this attribute is in dot         notation: @pageName.objectName     -   2 EXAMPLE: navup=“@myPage.button1”     -   3 VALUE: string     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Navdown

-   -   1 The identifier of the element that should be given focus when         the user selects the DOWN directional arrow on either the remote         or keyboard. This is an optional attribute that is only used         when the application author needs to specifically override the         focus management for a given screen as generated by the auto         navigator in the client. The format for this attribute is in dot         notation: @pageName.objectName     -   2 EXAMPLE: navdown=“@myPage.button1”     -   3 VALUE: string     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Navtemplate

-   -   1 The template that defines the color and text styles to be used         by the <button> or <select> that is referring to it when in its         idle state.     -   2 EXAMPLE: navtemplate=“myTextTempate”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Navtemplatedisabled

-   -   1 The template that defines the color and text styles to be used         by the <button> or <select> that is referring to it when the         disabled property is set to “true”.     -   2 EXAMPLE: navtemplatedisabled=“myTextTempate”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Navtemplatefocus

-   -   1 The template that defines the color and text styles to be used         by the <button> or <select> that is referring to it when in its         focused state.     -   2 EXAMPLE: navtemplatefocus=“myTextTempate”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Navtemplateselected

-   -   1 The template that defines the color and text styles to be used         by the <button> or <select> that is referring to it when in its         selected state.     -   2 EXAMPLE: navtemplateselected=“myTextTempate”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Nextbutton

-   -   1 The identifier of the <button> element that is responsible for         paging forward or incrementing through a pageable <text>. When         specified within a text, it is implied that the text is a         pageable text. It is also implied that this button will be         hidden when the user is at the last page of text. This button         must be used in combination with the page( ) method to execute         the paging function. It is advised to not specify a bgcolor for         a button being used as a nextbutton as it causes odd rendering         when its visibility is toggled.     -   2 EXAMPLE: nextbutton=“btn_next”     -   3 VALUE: string     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Object

-   -   1 The dot notation representation of the object on a page that         is being defined for a <navitem>. The format must follow the         defined syntax for all object references. It must be preceded         with the ‘@’ symbol. It must also include the page name followed         by the object name.     -   2 EXAMPLE: object=“@myPage.myButton     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Offsetx

-   -   1 The relative X position for rendering text associated with a         <button>. It is relative to the top, left coordinate of the         button when align=“left” (default). It is relative to the top,         right coordinate of the <button> when align=“right”. It provides         the author with pixel precise positioning of the text string as         it appears on a <button>.     -   2 EXAMPLE: offsetx=“5”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

Offsety

-   -   1 The relative Y position for rendering text associated with a         <button>. It is relative to the top, left coordinate of the         <button> when valign=“top” (default). >. It is relative to the         bottom, left coordinate of the <button> when valign=“bottom”. It         provides the author with pixel precise positioning of the text         string as it appears on a <button>.     -   2 EXAMPLE: offsety=“5”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

Optionpad

-   -   1 The number of pixels for spacing between options in a <select>     -   2 EXAMPLE: optionpad=“3”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

Padding

-   -   1 The number of pixels for spacing between the text and the         object it is avoiding, when avoid=true.     -   2 EXAMPLE: padding=“4”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

Paging

-   -   1 Indicates whether the <text> is pageable. This is used when         the contents of the <text> exceed the defined area and multiple         screens are needed to ‘page’ through the text using the page( )         method.     -   2 When used with <group> it defines the group as pageable so         that the page( ) method can be used to increment through the         array of objects defined within the <group>. Only one object         within the group can be displayed at a time. This is handy for         creating animations that are comprised of multiple image objects         representing the frames of the animation.     -   3 EXAMPLE: paging=“true”     -   4 VALUE: Boolean     -   5 DEFAULT: False

Plane

-   -   1 The plane or graphical representation of the <select> list,         either vertical or horizontal     -   2 EXAMPLE: plane=“horizontal”     -   3 VALUE: String: vertical|horizontal     -   4 DEFAULT: vertical

Period

-   -   1 Period of time in milliseconds before the next action is to be         executed.     -   2 When used with <transition> it is the period of time before         the next frame in the transition.     -   3 When used with <timer> it is the period of time before the         next ontimer event is executed.     -   4 EXAMPLE: period=“20”     -   5 VALUE: Integer     -   6 DEFAULT: 40

Prevbutton

-   -   1 The identifier of the <button> element that is responsible for         paging backwards or decrementing through a pageable <text>. When         specified within a text, it is implied that the text is a         pageable text. It is also implied that this button will be         hidden when the user is at the last page of text. This button         must be used in combination with the page( ) method to execute         the paging function. It is advised to not specify a bgcolor for         a button being used as a prevbutton as it causes odd rendering         when its visibility is toggled.     -   2 EXAMPLE: prevbutton=“btn_back”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Prevpage

-   -   1 The name of the template that is used as the page 1 layout in         a two-template paging system. This is typically used where page         1 has a different layout than all the other pages: 2 through         [N]. It allows the template for page 2 through [N] to know which         template to use when paging back to page 1. The startindex         property must be used in conjunction with prevpage.     -   2 EXAMPLE: prevpage=“pageOneTemplate”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Rightcolor

-   -   1 The color used for the right edge of a button object.     -   2 EXAMPLE: rightcolor=“grey”     -   3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as         specified in palette.xml     -   4 DEFAULT: transparent (000000)

Round

-   -   1 Creates a rounded corner on all 4 corners of a <rect>.     -   2 EXAMPLE: round=“true”     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: FALSE

Selectedbutton

-   -   1 The current button in a menu of buttons that should         automatically have its src set to the ‘select’ state asset when         clicked. The selectedbutton property must be set to a defined         variable, and the value stored in the variable will reflect         which button in the menu should have its src in the ‘select’         state.     -   2 EXAMPLE: selectedbutton=“$sportsButton”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Src

-   -   1 When used with <image> it is the source graphic asset file to         be used and must be either a .jpg or .bmp file.     -   2 When used with <datatable> it is the .dat file containing the         data table being used.     -   3 EXAMPLE: src=“myImage.bmp”     -   4 VALUE: String     -   5 DEFAULT: None

Startindex

-   -   1 When used with <select>:     -   2 Defines which data element to display in the first visible         row/column of the select. The displayindex property should be         used to define which element in the select should receive         default focus when navigating to the select.     -   3 When used with a paging <group>: The initial value to assign         to the counter variable that is being used for paging through         the group.         -   i EXAMPLE: startindex=“3”         -   ii VALUE: Integer         -   iii DEFAULT: NONE     -   4 When used with <text>: The startindex is used on page 2 of a 2         template paging system where page 1 has a different layout than         all the other pages 2 through n. Startindex should be used on         the page 2 through n template and refer to a variable which gets         passed in by the referring template. It is used in conjunction         with the prevpage property.         -   i EXAMPLE: <text             startindex=“$myStartIndexVar”prevpage=“templatePageOne”/>         -   ii VALUE: Integer         -   iii DEFAULT: 0

Style

-   -   1 The style of text to display for a <text> or <navtemplate>         that is referenced by a <button>. See Table 5 for font styles.     -   2 EXAMPLE: style=“5”     -   3 VALUE: Integer: 1|2|3|4|5|6     -   4 DEFAULT: 3

Table

-   -   1 The name of the table within a data file that is referenced         via the <datatable> tag.     -   2 EXAMPLE: table=“sports_articles”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Textcolor

-   -   1 The color of the text string that is displayed as part of the         element     -   2 EXAMPLE: textcolor=“white”     -   3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as         specified in palette.xml     -   4 DEFAULT: black (121212)

Topcolor

-   -   1 The color used for the top edge of a button object.     -   2 EXAMPLE: topcolor=“grey”     -   3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as         specified in palette.xml     -   4 DEFAULT: transparent (000000)

Type

-   -   1 The type of variable being declared. Accepted values include:         int|string     -   2 EXAMPLE: type=“int”     -   3 VALUE: int|string     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Valign

-   -   1 Sets the vertical alignment of text for a <text> object,         <button> object, or within the options of a <select>.     -   2 EXAMPLE: align=“top”     -   3 VALUE: String: top|middle|bottom     -   4 DEFAULT: middle

Value

-   -   1 Stores the hex value for a color defined in the <palette>     -   2 EXAMPLE: value=“121212”     -   3 VALUE: The name value corresponding to its hex color as         specified in palette.xml     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Width

-   -   1 Width (in pixels) of the element.     -   2 EXAMPLE: width=“90”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

X

-   -   1 The X coordinate pixel indicating the absolute horizontal         location of the element. In conjunction with y, x specifies the         top-left pixel for the display of the element. When X is used         with an element that is contained within a <group> then the X         value is a relative position from the X position of the group.         See <group> for an example.     -   2 EXAMPLE: x=“320”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Xradius

-   -   1 Number of pixels from the left and right edges of a <rect> to         paint a curved edge     -   2 EXAMPLE: xradius=“3”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 5

Y

-   -   1 The Y coordinate pixel indicating the absolute vertical         location of the element. In conjunction with x, y specifies the         top-left pixel for the display of the element. When Y is used         with an element that is contained within a <group> then the Y         value is a relative position from the Y position of the group.         See <group> for an example.     -   2 EXAMPLE: y=“100”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

Yradius

-   -   1 Number of pixels from the top and bottom edges of a <rect> to         paint a curved edge     -   2 EXAMPLE: yradius=“3”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 5

6. More Object Properties

A. bevel

-   -   1 Specified the appearance of a bevel on a primitive object     -   2 EXAMPLE: myEllipse.bevel=“up”     -   3 VALUE: String—any of the following values: up|down|none     -   4 DEFAULT: None

B. bold

-   -   1 Boolean condition for declaring a font to be bold or not.     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.font.bold=true     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: False

C. bordercolorfocus

-   -   1 Color of the element's border when it receives focus. If this         attribute is not specified, then it receives the same value as         is specified for the bordercolor attribute.     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.bordercolorfocus=#000000     -   3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0     -   4 DEFAULT: #000000

D. bordercolorselected

-   -   1 Color of the element's border after it has been selected. If         this attribute is not specified, then it receives the same value         as what is specified for the bordercolor attribute.     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.bordercolorselected=#000000     -   3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0     -   4 DEFAULT: #000000 (black)

E. cache

-   -   1 Boolean value specifying whether the object should be cached         or not. This attribute is not supported by some embodiments of         the AC.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myImage.cache=true     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: False

F. campaign

-   -   1 The ID for the ad campaign to be used by the <ad> tag.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myAd.campaign=“42”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

G. checked

-   -   1 The true/false state of whether a checkbox is checked or not.         A Checkbox can be checked by default on page load by setting it         to true.     -   2 EXAMPLE: checkbox1.checked=true     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: false

H. cols

-   -   1 Number of columns in the <select>. This can only be set to a         value greater than 1 when the PLANE property is set to         HORIZONTAL.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.cols=5     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 1

I. config

-   -   1 The name of the config file to be used by the MAC application.     -   2 EXAMPLE: <mac config=“virtualchannel.cfg”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: 1

J. cursorcolor

-   -   1 The color of the cursor used in a <textinput>     -   2 EXAMPLE: myTextInput.cursorcolor=“#FFFFFF”     -   3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0     -   4 DEFAULT: #000000

K. Dropshadow

-   -   1 Boolean condition for declaring a font to be dropshadow or         not.     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.font.dropshadow=true     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: False

L. Duration

-   -   1 Total number of frames allowed in the execution of a         <transition>.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myTransition.duration=“500”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

M. endangle

-   -   1 The angle (in degrees) to end the arc at. Must be greater than         0.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myArc.endangle=20     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: NONE

N. EndX

-   -   1 The absolute position of the destination X position for a         <transition>.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myTransition.endX=“420”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

O. EndY

-   -   1 The absolute position of the destination Y position for a         <transition>.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myTransition.endY=“420”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

P. fixed

-   -   1 Boolean indicating whether the <select> contains a fixed focus         box or not. By definition, if a <select> has a fixed focus, then         the options will loop in their display.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.fixed=“true     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: false

Q. focustype

-   -   1 The type of navigation allowed by the <select>, either movable         or fixed.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.focustype=‘fixed’     -   3 VALUE: string: possible values include ‘movable’ or ‘fixed’     -   4 DEFAULT: movable

R. FONT

-   -   1 The font template to be used by the element.     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.font=‘font5’     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

S. idref

-   -   1 The name of the element to which a <param> tag is referring to         in order to obtain its value.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myForm.param[0]=“checbox1”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

T. Interval

-   -   1 Period of time in milliseconds before the next action is to be         executed. When used with <transition> it is the period of time         before the next frame in the transition. When used with <timer>         it is the period of time before the next onTimer event is         executed.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myTransition.interval=“20”     -   3 VALUE: Integer

default: None

U. Italic

-   -   1 Boolean condition for declaring a font to be italic or not.     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.font.italic=true     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: False

V. maxlength

-   -   1 Number of characters that the text input can accept when         accepting keyboard/remote input from the user.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myTextInput.maxlength=5.     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: none

W. Method

-   -   1 Specifies the method, either POST or GET, for submitting a         form.     -   2 EXAMPLE:     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: POST

X. multiline

-   -   1 Boolean condition indicating whether the <text> or <textinput>         supports multiple lines of text.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myTextInput.multiline=true.     -   3 VALUE: Boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: False

Y. Optioncolor

-   -   1 The background color of the <option> in a <select> when it is         in its idle, non-focused state. If optioncolor is not defined,         then the bgcolor of the <select> is used.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.optioncolor=‘#F0F0F0’     -   3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0     -   4 DEFAULT: #FFCC00 (yellow)

Z. Optioncolorfocus

-   -   1 The background color of the <option> in a <select> when it         receives focus. This property is used in tandem with the         textcolorfocus property so that the item receiving focus can         have a different background color and text color. When         focustype=fixed, the optioncolorfocus attribute is permanently         set on the middle option in its display since focus within the         select list does not change.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.optioncolorfocus=‘#FFCC00’     -   3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0     -   4 DEFAULT: #FFCC00 (yellow)

AA. Optioncolorselected

-   -   1 The background color of the <option> in a <select> when it is         selected. This property is used in tandem with the         textcolorfocus property so that the item receiving focus can         have a different background color and text color. Oftentimes,         when a selection in a <select> is made, focus will be applied to         another element on the screen or the <page> will change.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.optioncolorselected=‘#F0F0F0’     -   3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0     -   4 DEFAULT: #FFCC00 (yellow)

BB. overlay

-   -   1 The name of the object that will obscure the active drawing         area for a <select>. A <select> using scrolling transitions         needs this to properly overlay while animating. This attribute         is not supported by some embodiments of the AC.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.overlay=myOverlay     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

CC. overselector

-   -   1 The name of the object that the <select> will draw centered         OVER the top of the selected item. This attribute is not         supported by some embodiments of the AC.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.overselector=“select_cover”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

DD. Pageback

-   -   1 The name of the element which executes a getPrevious( ) method         upon a paging <group>.     -   2 EXAMPLE:     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

EE. Pagenext

-   -   1 The name of the element which executes a getNext( ) method         upon a paging <group>.     -   2 EXAMPLE:     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

FF. password

-   -   1 When set to true, all input is presented as asterisks (*).     -   2 EXAMPLE: myTextInput.password=true     -   3 VALUE: boolean     -   4 DEFAULT: false

GG. rows

-   -   1 Number of rows in a <select> list object. This value can only         be set to a value greater than 1 when the PLANE property is set         to VERTICAL.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.rows=3     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 1

HH. size

-   -   1 Used with <group>, it indicates the number of elements that         are contained within the specific group.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myGroup.size=5     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None     -   5 Used with <font>, it indicates the point size of the font to         be rendered:     -   6 EXAMPLE: myFont.size=18     -   7 VALUE: Integer     -   8 DEFAULT: None

II. srcfocus

-   -   1 The source asset file to be used by the element when it         receives focus.     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.srcfocus=mybutton_over.bmp     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: NONE

JJ. srcselected

-   -   1 The source asset file to be used by the element after it has         been selected     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.srcselected=mybutton_on.bmp     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: NONE

KK. srcfocusselected

-   -   1 Used with <checkbox> and <radio> it is the source asset file         to be used by the element when it receives focus and has already         been checked     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.srcfocusselected=mycheckbox_checkedfocus.bmp     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: NONE

LL. srcref

-   -   1 The name or ID of the element that should be used to display         the particular <button>     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.srcref=button_template     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: NONE.

MM. startangle

-   -   1 The angle (in degrees) to start the arc at. Must be greater         than 0.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myArc.startangle=20     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: NONE

NN. state

-   -   1 Can be used with <audio>, <video>, <transition, or <timer> to         indicate the current state of the action. The three accepted         values are: stop, play, pause. The state attribute is always set         to STOP by default.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myAudio.state=“play”     -   3 VALUE: String (stop|play|pause)     -   4 DEFAULT: “STOP”

OO. target

-   -   1 The filename of the target page to post form data to     -   2 EXAMPLE:     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

PP. template

-   -   1 The element template to be used by the current template for         behaviors such as x,y text offsets, font formats, colors, etc.     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.template=“myTextTempate”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

QQ. textx

-   -   1 The X position of the text label associated with its element.         This X value is a relative position to the elements X value.         This is typically only used to override the position as defined         by the element's align attribute or the position defined by the         element template being used.     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.textx=“5”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

RR. texty

-   -   1 The Y position of the text label associated with its element.         This Y value is a relative position to the elements Y value.         This is typically only used to override the position as defined         by the element's valign attribute or the position defined by the         element template being used.     -   2 EXAMPLE: button3.texty=“5”     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

SS. textcolorfocus

-   -   1 The color of the text string that is displayed when the         element receives focus. If the attribute is not specified, it         inherits its value from the TEXTCOLOR attribute.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.textcolorfocus=#FFFFFF     -   3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0     -   4 DEFAULT: #000000 or inherits value from TEXTCOLOR

TT. textcolorselected

-   -   1 The color of the text string that is displayed when the         element has been selected. If the attribute is not specified, it         inherits its value from the TEXTCOLOR attribute.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.textcolorselected=#CCCCCC     -   3 VALUE: A hexadecimal triplet color name. #F0F0F0     -   4 DEFAULT: #000000 or inherits value from TEXTCOLOR

UU. underselector

-   -   1 The name of the object that the <select> will draw centered         UNDER the top of the selected item. This attribute is not         supported by some embodiments of the AC.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.underselector=“select_backdrop”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

VV. value

-   -   1 The value of the element that is passed to the form target         when a form referencing the element is submitted.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myForm.hidden_(—)1.value=“Secret Code 5”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: None

WW. Version

-   -   1 The version number of the MAC XML being used.     -   2 EXAMPLE: <mac version=“1.0”     -   3 VALUE: String     -   4 DEFAULT: 1

XX. volume

-   -   1 Determines the volume of the audio or video asset.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySoundclip.volume=60     -   3 VALUE: integer, range 1 to 100     -   4 DEFAULT: 50

YY. x1

-   -   1 The relative X screen position of the top left corner for a         primitive.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myArc.x1=320     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   b DEFAULT: None

ZZ. x2

-   -   1 The relative X screen position of the bottom right corner for         a primitive.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myArc.x2=320     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

AAA. Y1

-   -   1 The relative Y screen position of the top left corner for a         primitive.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myArc.y1=320     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

BBB. Y2

-   -   1 The relative Y screen position of the bottom right corner for         a primitive.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myArc.y1=320     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

CCC. Xpad

-   -   1 The horizontal distance that options are drawn from the left         edge of the <select>.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.xpad=3     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

DDD. ypad

-   -   1 The vertical distance that options are drawn from the bottom         edge of the <select>.     -   2 EXAMPLE: mySelect.ypad=3     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: None

EEE. zorder

-   -   1 The stacking order relative to other elements within the same         parent <page>container. Higher numbers are drawn first, and         lower numbers last. This attribute is not supported by some         embodiments of the AC.     -   2 EXAMPLE: myButton.zorder=3     -   3 VALUE: Integer     -   4 DEFAULT: 0

7. Object Methods

back( ) The back( ) method is used to return the user to the last page visited in the previous application. It cannot be used to return to the previous page within the current application. It is typically used with ad minisite pages, which are typically contained in a separate application so they can be accessible to all other applications. Upon visiting an ad minisite, a loadapp( ) is called to launch the minisite. To return back to the previous screen, the back( ) method is used to return back to the previous app and restore the specific page and state of that application.

-   -   a FORMAT: back( )     -   b EXAMPLE:         -   <button name=“backBtn” x=“5” y=“5” onclick=“back( )”>Return             to Portal</button>

iskey( ). The iskey( ) method is used to detect the remote control key that was pressed and execute a certain event based upon that selection. It accepts one parameter, the name of the key. The following are accepted string values:

0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9

-   -   a FORMAT: iskey(keyName)     -   b EXAMPLE:         -   <event onkey=“iskey(3);load(sports.xml)”/>

load( ). The load( ) method is used to display a new page within the current application. It accepts one required parameter: the filename for the <page> to be loaded.

-   -   a FORMAT: load(target)     -   b EXAMPLE:

<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” onclick=“load(newshome.xml)”>NEWS</button>

loadapp( ). The loadapp( ) method is used to launch an entirely different AC application from the current AC application. Upon doing so, the current application is completely dumped from memory and will need to be reloaded again if desired. It accepts two required parameters: the name of the application to load and the filename within that application that should be loaded. A single application can easily be broken up into several smaller applications. This would require using the loadapp( ) method to switch between apps, rather than the load( ) method which only switches pages within a single app.

-   -   a FORMAT: loadapp(appName, fileName)     -   b EXAMPLE:

<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” onclick=“loadapp(golf, standings.xml)”>Launch the Golf Channel</button>

page( ). The page( ) method is used to navigate through multiple screens of text content, one screen worth at a time. The method accepts two parameters, the name of the text object to perform the action upon, and the +1/−1 value for incrementing/decrementing. Typically page( ) is used with a single <text> to page forward and back. When used with <text>, the page( ) method only supports incrementing or decrementing by the value of 1. This is specified by indicating +1, or −1 as the value to page( ). Since a pageable <text> is usually populated by a dynamic data source, the client does not know in advance how many screens worth of content will be displayed. Therefore incrementing/decrementing by more than 1 is not supported, nor is jumping to a specific page number.

-   -   a FORMAT: page(target, +1), page(target, −1)

EXAMPLE: Paging text

 <text name=“txt_story” x=“250” y=“113” width=“640” height=“270”  textcolor=“e6e6e6” paging=“true” prevbutton=“btn_back”  nextbutton=“btn_next”>$$news[$index].story</text>  <!-PAGING BUTTONS - MUST APPEAR AFTER THE PAGING  TEXT IN THE MAX MARKUP →  <button name=“btn_back” x=“100” y=“440”  width=“100” height=“100”  onclick=“page(txt_story, −1)”>BACK</button> <button name=“btn_next” x=“400” y=“440” width=“100” height=“100” onclick=“page(txt_story, +1)”> NEXT</button>

Pagegroup( ). The pagegroup( ) method is used for incrementing through an array of data for one or more objects in a <group>. It is typically used for three types of behaviors:

-   -   1 Looping forward through an array of data rows, one row at a         time     -   2 Paging, non-looping, using paging buttons, through an array,         one row at a time—either forward or back to the beginning or end         of the array.     -   3 Paging, non-looping, using paging buttons, through an array by         N number of rows at a time—either forward or back to the         beginning or end of the array.         The method accepts 3 required paramaters, and one optional         paramater which is only used when a non-looping paging group         with buttons is desired.     -   a FORMAT: pagegroup(groupName, $counterVar, datatableName,         incr/decr value[optional])     -   b EXAMPLE 1—LOOPING TICKER: The following example illustrates         using a timer and the pagegroup( ) method to populate a looping         sports scores ticker, where sports data is coming from A         datatable called ‘scores’. The pagegroup( ) method increments by         one each time it is called, iterating and looping through all of         the rows in the datatable.

<page onload=“start(tickTmr)” > <timer name=“tickTmr” period=“4000” ontimer=“pagegroup(tickGrp, $counter, scores);” />   <group name=“tickGrp” x=“200” y=“100” width=“180”   height=“50”>   <text name=“team1” x=“0” y=“0” width=“180” height=“20”>   $$scores[$counter].t1</text>     <text name=“team2” x=“0” y=“25” width=“180” height=“20”>     $$scores[$counter].t2</text>     <text name=“team3” x=“200” y=“0” width=“180” height=“20”>     $$scores[$counter].t3</text>     <text name=“team4” x=“200” y=“25” width=“180”     height=“20”>     $$scores[$counter].t4</text>   </group>

-   -   c EXAMPLE 2—NON-LOOPING PAGING GROUP WITH PAGING BUTTONS: The         following example illustrates using the pagegroup( ) method to         populate a group of text objects for a display that contains two         sports scores per screen. Paging buttons are needed so that the         user can page through the total array of scores, two at a time.         This requires that the group be defined as a ‘paging’ group and         prevbutton/nextbutton properties are defined. It is similar to a         paging text where the prevbutton does not appear at the         beginning of the array, and the nextbutton does not appear at         the end of the array.         -   1 Two <vars> for the counters must be defined and             initialized to the 0, 1 positions of the data array:

<var id=“ctr1” type=“int”>0</var> <var id=“ctr2” type=“int”>1</var>

-   -   -   2 Elsewhere in the page, a single group is defined,             containing the layouts for two scores blocks. This group             will be paged through by the buttons below. NOTE: It is             important to only use a single group here to keep page             drawing fast.

<group name=“tickGrp_1” x=“200” y=“100” width=“180” height=“50” paging=“true” prevbutton=“btn_back” nextbutton=“btn_next”>  <text name=“tm1”x =“0” y=“0” width=“180” height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr1].t1</text>  <text name=“tm2” x=“0” y=“25” width=“180” height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr1].t2</text>  <text name=“sc1” x=“200” y=“0” width=“180” height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr1].s1</text>  <text name=“sc2” x=“200” y=“25” width=“180” height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr1].s2</text>  <text name=“tm3” x=“0” y=“50” width=“180” height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr2].t1</text>  <text name=“tm4” x=“0” y=“75” width=“180” height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr2].t2</text>  <text name=“sc3” x=“200” y=“50” width=“180” height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr2].s1</text>  <text name=“sc4” x=“200” y=“75” width=“180” height=“20”>$$scores[$ctr2].s2</text> </group>

-   -   d Using paging buttons, each click calls two pagegroup( )         methods, one for each counter variable that needs to be updated.         Notice that the value to increment is +/−2 since we want each         group to increment by 2 items in the data array, because there         are two scores displayed per screen. Also notice that a redraw(         ) is explicitly called after the pagegroup( ) to force a redraw         of the group and all its child elements.

<!—PAGING BUTTONS - MUST APPEAR AFTER THE PAGING GROUP IN THE MAX MARKUP → <button name=“btn_back” x=“100” y=“440” width=“100” height=“100” onclick=“pagegroup(tickGrp_1, $ctr1, scores_data, +2); pagegroup(tickGrp_1, $ctr2, scores_data, +2) redraw(tickGrp1)”>BACK</button> <button name=“btn_next” x=“400” y=“440” width=“100” height=“100” onclick=“pagegroup(tickGrp_1, $ctr1, scores_data, −2); pagegroup(tickGrp_1, $ctr2, scores_data, −2) redraw(tickGrp1)”>NEXT</button>

redraw( ). The redraw( ) method is used to specifically define an object that must be re-rendered on screen in order to reflect an action or change that may have been performed upon it. It accepts one required parameter: the name of the object you wish to redraw. The redraw behavior is implicit in the set( ) method, but sometimes it is necessary to explicitly call the redraw( ) method for the change to render on screen. The redraw( ) method is typically used following a set( ) method, for example when an image src is set to a new value and that new image needs to be drawn to the screen.

-   -   a FORMAT: redraw(target)     -   b EXAMPLE:

<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” src =“button_off.bmp” textcolor=“000000” onclick=“set(@myImage.src, ‘newimage.bmp’);redraw(myImage)”>Change image</button>

set( ). The set( ) method is used to change the value of a variable and/or assign a new value to an object property. The set( ) method also performs a redraw( ) on the screen after it is executed. The set( ) method accepts three parameters:

-   -   1 The object property or variable that is being modified     -   2 The value being assigned to the object property or variable     -   3 The type (string or int) of the value.         The set( ) method can be used to set an object property within         the current MAX page using the following syntax:     -   a Format: set(@objectName.objectProperty, newPropertyValue)     -   b Example: set(@myButton.text, ‘Hello World’)         The set( ) method can also be used to set an object property on         another MAX page using the following syntax:     -   a Format: set(@pageName.@objectName.objectProperty,         newPropertyValue)     -   b Example: set(@index.myButton.text, ‘Hello World’)         The following defines the various combinations that can be         authored using the set( ) method:     -   1 Set an object property on the current page to a string (type         value is not needed)         -   set(@myButton.text, ‘Hello World’)     -   2 Set an object property on another page to a string         -   set(@newsHome.myButton.text, ‘Hello World’)     -   3 Set an object property to an integer         -   set(@myTimer.period, 500, int)     -   4 Set a var to a string or integer         -   set($myVar, ‘Hello World’, string)         -   set($myVar, 420, int)     -   5 Set a var to the hold the value of an object property.         -   set($myVar, @myText.text, string)         -   set($backURL, @weatherPage.name, int)     -   6 Set a var to a datatable reference         -   set($myStory, $$news[$counter].article)     -   7 Set the a var back to its original value as defined in the         <var> tag (only first param is needed)

set($myVar)

-   -   a FORMAT: set(objProp or var, value, type)     -   b EXAMPLE:

<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” width=“100” height=“100” onclick=“set(@myText.textcolor, ‘grey’);redraw(myText)”>Change text color</button>

TABLE B.2.8 Object Properties that can be modifed via set( ): Object Property Example <button> disabled set(@myButton.disabled, true) hidden set(@myButton.hidden, true) text set(@myButton.text, ‘New Button Text’) offsetx set(@button_object.offsetx, ’15’) offsety set(@button_object.offsety, ‘15’) <group> hidden set(@myGroup.hidden, true) <page> background set(@myPage.background, $$newsdata[$counter].bkg) <rect> border set(@myRect.border, 4) bordercolor set(@myRect.bordercolor, ‘green’) color set(@myRect.color, ‘black’) hidden set(@myRect.hidden, true) round set(@rect_object.round, true) xradius set(@rect_object.xradius, 15) yradius set(@rect_object.yradius, 15) <select> index set(@mySelect.index, 0) <text> bgcolor set(@myText.bgcolor, ‘green’) border set(@myText.border, 4) bordercolor set(@myText.bordercolor, ‘white’) hidden set(@myText.hidden, true) text set(@myText.text, ‘This is new text’) textcolor set(@myText.textcolor, ‘black’) style set(@myText.style, 4)

setfocus( ). The setfocus( ) method allows you to specify the name of a <button> or other focusable object that the focus should be applied. It accepts one parameter: the name of the object to apply focus. Setfocus( )should not be used to apply default focus when loading a page. Rather, the defaultfocus property of the <page> should be defined for this behavior.

-   -   a FORMAT: setfocus(target)     -   b EXAMPLE:         -   <button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” width=“100”             height=“100”onclick=“setfocus(home_button)”>Apply focus to             Home button</button>

settimedate( ). The settimedate( ) method is used to query the set-top for the current time/date and set the retrieved string value to a defined text string in the application representing the time/date in one of many available formats. The method accepts two parameters, the type of format for display, and the text object property to set.

-   -   a FORMAT: settimedate(format, @textObjectName.text)     -   b ACCEPTED VALUES:

TABLE B.2.9 Accepted values for setimmediate( ) FORMAT DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE full Full date and time Apr 11, 2002 10:25pm date1 Full date Apr 11, 2002 date2 Numeric format of date 4/11/2002 date_s Abbreviated month, day Apr 11 time1 Regular time 10:25pm time2 Military time 22:25 year Year 2002 month Numeric value of month 5 month_s Abbreviated string of month name Apr month_l Full string of month name April mday Numeric day of the month 11 wday Abbreviated string of day of the week Thur hour Numeric value of hour 22 min Numeric value of minute 25 sec Numeric value of second 30 ampm Indicates am or pm pm

-   -   c EXAMPLE: The following example, on page load, sets the text         property of myDateText to the string that is obtained through         the settimedate( )call and displays it in the ‘full’ format. A         separate <timer> object would need to be defined to continually         update the text string on screen as the time changes.         -   <page onload=“settimedate(full, @myDateText.text)”>

start( ). The start( ) method is used to begin running a <timer> or <transition>. It accepts two parameters: the name of the object to ‘start’ and an optional target attribute. The optional target attribute is used only with <transition>, where the target is the name of the object that the timer should be performed upon.

-   -   a FORMAT: start(timer name, target object)     -   b EXAMPLE:

<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” width=“100” height=“100” onclick=“start(animTimer)”>Start the timer</button>

stop( ). The stop( ) method is used to stop running a <timer>. It accepts one parameters: the name of the <timer> to ‘stop’.

-   -   a FORMAT: stop(timer name)     -   EXAMPLE:

<button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” width=“100” height=“100”onclick=“stop(animTimer)”>Stop the timer</button>

submit( ). The submit( ) method is used to submit form data via the protocol specified by the form's method property, either Post or Get.

-   -   a EXAMPLE:

<form name=“myForm” method=“POST”> </form> <button name=“myButton” x=“5” y=“5” src=“button_off.bmp” onClick=“submit(myForm)”>Submit</button>

vod( ). The vod( ) method is used to establish a session with a Seachange VOD server through the Liberate VOD Gateway. This method accepts three parameters:

-   -   1 Asset_ID—The 10 digit asset ID provided by the Liberate VOD         Gateway     -   2 Title—The text string title to be displayed in the VOD Trick         Mode bar     -   3 Duration—The text string for the length of the video asset to         be displayed in the VOD Trick Mode bar         All paramaters passed through the vod( ) method must be obtained         form a datatable residing in a separate .dat file.     -   b EXAMPLE:

<button name=“video” x=“20” y=“20” width=“100” height=“25” onclick=“vod($$video[0].id, $$video[0].title, $$video[0].duration)”>Watch a video</button>

-   -   -   1 NOTE: All vod related data must be contained in a defined             datatable format, with defined tag names. The following             table structure, tag names, and tag order must be used:

<video> <row number=“n”> <title> string </title> <id> 10 digit VOD Gateway ID </id> <summary> string </summary> <duration> string </duration> </row> </video>

watchtv( ). The watchtv( ) method is used to exit the application and return to fullscreen broadcast television. It replicates the same behavior as pressing the EXIT button on the remote control, completely exiting the current application.

-   -   a FORMAT: watchtv( )     -   b EXAMPLE: The following example would return the user to the         previously viewed

broadcast channel at fullscreen via a button click <button name=“exit” x=“20” y=“20” width=“100” height=“25” onclick=“watchtv( )”>TV</button>

8. Object Event Handlers

Onblur. The onblur handler fires an event when focus is removed from the current element.

-   -   a example:

<button name=“myButton” x=“10” y=“10” width=“100” height=“20” onblur=“set(@myText.text, ‘Default text string again’)” />

Onclick. The onclick handler fires an event when the current element is selected.

-   -   a example:

<button name=“myButton” x=“10” y=“10” width=“100” height=“20” onclick=“load(newPage.xml)”/>

Onfocus. The onfocus handler fires an event when focus is given to the current element.

-   -   a example:

<button name=“myButton” x=“10” y=“10” width=“100” height=“20” onfocus=“set(@myText.text, ‘A new text string’)” />

Onfocusoption. The onfocusoption handler fires an each time any option in a <select> receives focus.

-   -   a example:

<select name=“mod_select” hlwidth=“330” hlheight=“25” x=“65” y=“155” width=“330” height=“175” plane=“vertical” align=“left” valign=“middle” navtemplate=“tt_idle” navtemplatefocus=“tt_foc” navtemplateselected=“tt_sel” startindex=“0” maxcount=“7” datasrc=“$$mod_newrelease.title” moreprev=“uparrow” morenext=“downarrow” onfocusoption=“set($counter, @mod_select.index, int); redraw(jacket)” onclick=“load(newrelases_detail.xml)” />

Onkey. The onkey handler fires an event when a specified button is pressed on the remote control.

-   -   a example: The onkey handler can only be used within a <page>         tag. The first method the onkey event handler MUST have is         iskey(KEY_ID); If the key pressed by the user matches the         specified KEY_ID, then every action following iskey( ) is         executed; otherwise, nothing happens. Onkey events allow the         application author to create shortcuts for desired         functionality. For instance, rather than navigating to the         eighth button in a navigation menu, the interface could have an         “8” next to the button, indicating to the user that pressing the         “8” button on the remote will achieve the same functionality as         navigating to the “8” button in the interface and pressing         ‘Select’ on the remote. The following example checks to see if         the user pressed the ‘8’ key on the remote. If so, then it         performs the specified page load.         -   <event onkey=“iskey(8);load(sports.xml)”/>

Onload. The onload handler fires an event when a page is loaded.

-   -   a example:         -   <page main=“true” onload=“start(myContentTicker)”>

Ontimer. An ontimer event is used to fire one or more events after the specified period of the timer has expired.

-   -   a example:

<timer name=“myTimer” loop=“false” period=“1000” ontimer=“set(@myText.text, ‘The timer is complete!’)” />

Part 3: A Further Example.

FIGS. 4A-4OO illustrate an example of an XML schema that is supported by the application client, executing on a network terminal or set-top box, which enables application definitions to conform to a common application framework deployable over multiple network configurations such as that described herein. The embodiment depicted in these illustrations demonstrates the unification of ad campaigns and commerce products across networks and applications. In another embodiment, the XML schema elements can also refer to business rules objects managed by the client system. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: generating, in accordance with a) an application layout file specifying a layout for an application and b) one or more descriptors directing that one or more queries for content from one or more dynamic data feeds be performed when generating the application, a package of files to execute the application and that separates the layout for the application from content populating the layout for the application into different files; querying for the content from the one or more dynamic data feeds using the one or more descriptors; and transmitting, by a computing device, the package of files to one or more client devices.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the application layout file comprises an extensible markup language (XML) authored layout file, and wherein the one or more descriptors comprise one or more XML authored descriptors.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the application comprises at least one of the following: an interactive program guide, a television menu, a television content service, a virtual channel, a video on demand application, a personal video recorder application, a broadcast on demand application, an enhanced television services application, a television services help application, a television services customer support application, a television services self-service application, or a television services data service application.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the transmitting comprises using at least one of a broadcast carousel or a two-way back channel.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the package of files configures the application to respond in a user-specific manner to user interactions with the application.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein a different descriptor directs a query for a specific advertisement, which is to be placed in the layout of the application, at a time of execution of the application by a client device.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the application layout file and the one or more descriptors form a part of an extensible markup language (XML) schema that provides a common model for at least one of the following: provisioning, managing, deploying, advertising, commerce, layout, animation, events and navigation, dynamic data insertion, or optimization of the application across different operating environments.
 8. An apparatus, comprising: a server configured to: generate, in accordance with a) an application layout file specifying a layout for an application and b) one or more descriptors directing that one or more queries for content from one or more dynamic data feeds be performed when generating the application, a package of files to execute the application and that separates the layout for the application from content populating the layout for the application into different files; query for the content from the one or more dynamic data feeds using the one or more descriptors; and transmit the package of files to one or more client devices.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the application layout file comprises an extensible markup language (XML) authored layout file, and wherein the one or more descriptors comprise one or more XML authored descriptors.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the application comprises at least one of the following: an interactive program guide, a television menu, a television content service, a virtual channel, a video on demand application, a personal video recorder application, a broadcast on demand application, an enhanced television services application, a television services help application, a television services customer support application, a television services self-service application, or a television services data service application.
 11. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the transmitting comprises using at least one of a broadcast carousel or a two-way back channel.
 12. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the package of files configures the application to respond in a user-specific manner to user interactions with the application.
 13. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein a different descriptor directs a query for a specific advertisement, which is to be placed in the layout of the application, at a time of execution of the application by a client device.
 14. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the application layout file and the one or more descriptors form a part of an extensible markup language (XML) schema that provides a common model for at least one of the following: provisioning, managing, deploying, advertising, commerce, layout, animation, events and navigation, dynamic data insertion, or optimization of the application across different operating environments.
 15. One or more non-transitory computer readable media, storing executable code configured to, when executed, cause an apparatus to: generate, in accordance with a) an application layout file specifying a layout for an application and b) one or more descriptors directing that one or more queries for content from one or more dynamic data feeds be performed when generating the application, a package of files to execute the application and that separates the layout for the application from content populating the layout for the application into different files; query for the content from the one or more dynamic data feeds using the one or more descriptors; and transmit the package of files to one or more client devices.
 16. The one or more non-transitory computer readable media of claim 15 wherein the application layout file comprises an extensible markup language (XML) authored layout file, and wherein the one or more descriptors comprise one or more XML authored descriptors.
 17. The one or more non-transitory computer readable media of claim 15 wherein the application comprises at least one of the following: an interactive program guide, a television menu, a television content service, a virtual channel, a video on demand application, a personal video recorder application, a broadcast on demand application, an enhanced television services application, a television services help application, a television services customer support application, a television services self-service application, or a television services data service application.
 18. The one or more non-transitory computer readable media of claim 15 wherein the transmitting comprises using at least one of a broadcast carousel or a two-way back channel.
 19. The one or more non-transitory computer readable media of claim 15 wherein a different descriptor directs a query for a specific advertisement, which is to be placed in the layout of the application, at a time of execution of the application by a client device.
 20. The one or more non-transitory computer readable media of claim 15 wherein the application layout file and the one or more descriptors form a part of an extensible markup language (XML) schema that provides a common model for at least one of the following: provisioning, managing, deploying, advertising, commerce, layout, animation, events and navigation, dynamic data insertion, or optimization of the application across different operating environments.
 21. The method of claim 1, further comprising: placing references to the content from the dynamic data feeds into a formatted file, wherein the references result from the querying for the content from the dynamic data feeds using the one or more descriptors; producing, based on the formatted file, a binary formatted file that specifies the content populating the layout for the application; wherein transmitting the package of files comprises transmitting the binary formatted file and a different binary formatted file that specifies the layout for the application. 